Explosive weapons

It is desirable to increase blast effect in the case of high capacity, light cased explosive weapons such as torpedoes, mines and high capacity aircraft bombs. It has been established beyond doubt that this is possible by the use of aluminized explosives which contain aluminum powder as an ingredient. 

Munitionen und Waffen in Ger Munitions et Armes in Fr Boyepripassy i Qruzhiye (Boyevyiya Sredstva) in Russ Municiones y Armas in Span Munizioni(Proietti) e Armi in Ital]. Ammunition is any material used in warfare and designed to inflict damage upon the enemy. The term includes the complete round of ammunition as w ell as other components or elements. Reduced to its fundamentals, ammunition usually consists of a container(metallic or other material) containing propellant and a missile with/or without explosive. Weapons may be subdivided into small arms (calibers up to about 0.60" in the US) such as pistols, revolvers, carbines, rifles, submachine guns machine... 

Artificial radionuclides released by nuclear explosions, weapon tests and accidents have been deposited from the air as fall-out on soil and vegetation. In 1963 values of up to 0.8 Bq/1 °Sr and up to 1.2 Bq/1 Cs were measured in precipitations in central Europe. In 1964, the concentration of Cs in beef reached values of about 36 Bq/kg. Consequently, the concentration of Cs in man went up to about 11 Bq/kg. 

Atomic bomb— An explosive weapon which uses uranium-235 or plutonium as fuel. Its tremendous destructive power is produced by energy released from the "splitting of atoms" or nuclear fission. Also called A-bomb, atom bomb, or fission bomb. 

Hydrogen bomb—An nuclear explosive weapon which uses hydrogen isotopes as fuel and an atom bomb as a detonator. More powerful than an atom bomb, the Hydrogen bomb derives its destructive power from energy released when nuclei of hydrogen are forced together to form helium nuclei in a process called nuclear fusion. Also called H-bomb or Thermonuclear bomb. 

State and local governments must realize at the outset that the military lacks experience in many aspects of environmental remediation and even in munitions clearance. For example, until 1994 there was a moratorium on the excavation of chemical weapons. UXO technicians may also be unfamiliar with residual contamination from chemical and explosive weapons. Even with explosive ordnance, mistakes can occur. Recently a scrap metal worker was killed when an ordnance item that was hidden among other ordnance scrap metal exploded while being cut up for scrap with a torch. Another area where the military lacks ordnance experience is in World War I and older ordnance and in experimental ordnance. The database of the U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center in Huntsville, Alabama, is often incomplete in these areas. 

It is important for the stakeholders to make detailed recommendations for the remediation of a chemical or explosive weapons site. Obviously, these must be tailored by the archival research and facts known about the particular site. However, a few routine recommendations follow. 

The term weapons of mass destruction was defined in 1948 by the Commission on Conventional Armaments as atomic explosive weapons, radioactive material weapons, lethal chemical and biological weapons, and any weapons developed in the future which have characteristics comparable in destructive effect to those of the atomic bomb or other weapons mentioned above (Resolution of the Commission for Conventional Armaments, August 12, 1948). This commission was established by the Security Council in 1947 (Resolution 18) to consider the regulation and reduction of conventional armaments and armed forces. 

The past decade may be characterized by an intense research effort to improve the sensitivity and reliability of ion mobility-based instruments for detection of explosives and to expand the inventory of detectable explosive substances. In addition, improvements in sampling techniques have been proposed, standards for calibration of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) instruments and for method verification have been developed, and novel instrumental techniques based on laser ablation or electrospray ionization have been advanced. This has occurred due to the rising need for rapid, efficient, and reliable detectors of explosives that are used in acts of terrorism worldwide, as stated in many occasions (see Rame 12.1). Some idea about the scale of this trend can be gained from a recent report Austin, TX, 15 Septanber, 2011—Sales of Explosives, Weapons, and Contraband (EWC) Detection equipment to the world s airport authorities, amassed a significant 834.9 million in 2010, according to a recent study published by IMS Research, a leading provider of market research in the homeland security industry. ... 

Weapon Designation Calibre Maximum Maximum Rate High explosive Weapon... 

Dirty bombs, consisting of conventional explosive devices mixed with radioactive materials, or attacks on nuclear power plants with explosive weapons could widely scatter highly radioactive materials. Another example of a radioactive weapon is shells hardened with depleted uranium (DU), uranium from which... 

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