Explosion method

In certain cases a difficulty occurs in the calculation of the results this consists in the formation of new and unknown endothermic compounds, an occurrence which, though very interesting, is difficult to take into account. It would therefore constitute a great advance if the maximum temperature of the explosion, in addition to the maximum pressure, could be measured with the necessary accuracy. Experiments with this object have, however, not yet led to any satisfactory results possibly it will be easier to make use of the temperature of freely burning flames to obtain supplementary assistance. 

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There is a very close relationship between fires and explosions. In many instances, an explosion is the initial event, followed by a significant fire. Sometimes the fire can be the trigger that causes the explosion, such as a Boiling Eiquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BEEVE). This Guideline does not address the prevention of explosions, methods to quantify the severity of explosion, or explosion suppression techniques. Explosions are specifically addressed in... 

Explosion Spectra of Metals. Anderson was the first to use the "explosion method of exciting spectral lines of a metal. He studied the flash of light emitted when a thin wire of a metal to be studied was exploded by an oscillatory discharge from a condenser charged to several diousand volts. As the atoms of the metal are subjected to a powerful stimulus vety abruptly, the conditions of excitation are vety much different from those prevailing in an arc of the same metal carrying a low current. Several investigators have developed this techr... 

All minerals are by no means equally shatterable, due to different degrees of permeability and variable tenacity between the individual blocks. The probability that the individual blocks constituting a mineral are in themselves impermeable leads to the conclusion that extremely fine material will not be produced in the explosive method to the same extent as in ordinary crushing or grinding. 

Bjerrum1 employed an explosion method and obtained the following results for 1 atmosphere pressure ... 

Availability of supercomputers and development of elegant molecular methods of dynamics simulation have been made a basis for the employment of explosive methods and a wide range of successful applications (Karplus and Petsko, 1990). The computer simulation produces individual particle motions as a function of time followed by the examination of specific contributions to the process. 

Yosida, "Properties and Applications of Under-sand Explosion Methods (1) Funnel... 

S.2.2.9. Fluorine— The standard state of fluorine is the diatomic molecular gas F2, so that the heat of atomization of fluorine is D 2) been determined by direct measurement of the equilibrium pressure 1 leading to 37 4 kcal at 25 ° C, by the effusion method 75 leading to 39-9 kcal, and, less directly, by the explosion method, using a hydrogen-fluorine mixture leading to37 kcal. The excellence of the agreement of these three thermal measurements leaves little doubt that the correct value is about 37 kcal. 

It remains to point out that there is some evidence in conflict with the low value. Hot wire measurements of thermal conductivity apparently do not admit values of D F2) less than 45 kcal, and measurements of flame temperature in the stoichiometric hydrogen-fluorine flame also lead to a high value 5. In view of the weight of evidence for the low value, these results can only serve to cast doubt on the methods by which they were obtained. In particular the disagreement between the results from the hydrogen-fluorine flame and the hydrogen-fluorine explosion methods, and the probable correctness of the latter, reflects directly on the flame method, because similar subsidiary data are required in each case. 

Hg + H20-->Hg + H -t OH Dissociation of water vapour Explosion method Vibration levels of OH H2O2 dissociation Reaction between OH radicals... 

In Section I, Chemistry of Explosives, methods were described that enable one to estimate detonation properties (detonation velocity D and detonation pressure Pcj) from the molecular structure of an explosive. This section gives an alternate method that utilizes the thermochemical properties of an explosive in order to estimate the values of these two output properties. This method was developed by M. J. Kamlet and S. J. Jacobs of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in White Oak, MD (Ref 9) and is referred to in this text as the KJ method. 

An Example from the Dissociation of Water Vapour.— As an example of the application of the above methods, I may here cite our results on the dissociation of water vapour. The heat of combustion of hydrogen is well known, and the specific heats required have been measured with sufficient accuracy by Pier and his followers by the explosion method. The Second Law may therefore be applied, as in hardly any other case, over a range of temperature in which there are no gaps. 

Explosion method Steam explosion, CO explosion, ammonia fiber explosion... 

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