Method of electric explosion

Abstract. Nanopowders of nonstoichiometric tungsten oxides were synthesized by method of electric explosion of conductors (EEC). Their electronic and atomic structures were explored by XPS and TEM methods. It was determined that mean size of nanoparticles is d=10-35 nm, their composition corresponds to protonated nonstoichiometric hydrous tungsten oxide W02.9i (OH)o.o9, there is crystalline hydrate phase on the nanoparticles surface. After anneal a content of OH-groups on the surface of nonstoichiometric samples is higher than on the stoichiometric ones. High sensitivity of the hydrogen sensor based on WO2.9r(OH)0.09 at 293 K can be connected with forming of proton conductivity mechanism. 

Keywords X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, method of electric explosion of conductors, nonstoihciometric oxides, electronic structure, nanoparticles. 

The research [22] revealed high activity of nanoscale powders obtained by electrical explosion of wires (EEW) to reduce polyolefin flammability. Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3, bayerite P-AlaOs-SHaO, boehmitey-AlOOH, low-temperature modification of aluminum oxide y-Al203 produced by the method of electrical explosion of wires (EEW) [23, 24] were used as fillers in polypropylene. All additives are resistant to oxidation under heating up to 400 °C, all of them release water in endothermic decomposition, except y-Al203. The results of the smdy indicated that the oxidation rate decreases when polypropylene was filled with gibbsite and bayerite at concentration of 0.5-10 wt%. 

In present work the nanopowders, obtained by pulsed methods of electrical explosion of wires (EEW) (Kotov, 2003) and laser evaporation (LE) of the ceramic targets with given content (Kotov et al., 2002) were used. The powders were synthesized in the laboratory of pulsed processes of the Institute of Electrophysics UB RAS. These methods allow to obtain weakly aggregated nanopowders due to pnilsed material heating and evaporation regimes and the condensation process managing. 

There were developed two new technologies for manufacturing of novel carbon nanomaterials (fullerenes, nanotubes, carbonic nanoclusters) based on the idea of high-energy plasmochemistry synthesis with the use of the methods of electrical wire explosion and spark erosion of graphite and metallic materials (nickel, iron, copper) in organic medium. 

In an explosive train, that component which, when detonated by the primer, in turn detonates a less sensitive but larger high explosive (usually the booster) or when containing its own primer initiates the detonation. The detonator can be activated by either an explosive impulse (primer) or a non-explosive impulse. When activated by a nonexplosive impulse, the detonator contains its own primer. Detonators are generally classified as percussion, stab, electric, or flash, according to the method of initiation. Explosive charge placed in certain equipment and set to destroy the equipment under certain conditions (-> Initiator). 

Method of testing in the presence of coal-dust. Testing in the presence of coal-dust is carried out in an experimental gallery without a diaphragm. The lay-out of the explosive cartridges and the electric detonator in the mortar is the same as that described above. 

For examination of an expl a charge(usually 50 to 300 g) is placed inside the bomb, and, after closing the lid, the air ib evacuated by means of a vacuum pump. Then foe chge Is fired electrically and the pressure diagram ia obtained. Method of computation of results is given in Ref 2. The result thus obtained ia termed foe "maximum pressure of the explosive in its own volume" ... 

G) Flash Photography. It is the method of photographing objects with the aid of illumination produced by a flash. The flash may be produced by nonelectric, electric or electronic sources. A "nonelectric flash may be produced by various "flash powders, such as of Mg(Ref 8a) by detonation of a small expl chge, such as of Pentoiite (Ref 18,pp 54—5) by explosively shocked argon gas (Ref 32) or by other methods (Ref 31,PP... 

Teclu 2 gives the following explosion limits for mixtures of combustible gases and air, the method of exploding consisting in firing by an electric spark ... 

---