Experimental Verification of Theory

Benzene was chosen to be the first test-liquid because the data obtained thereby could be compared directly with the sorption data reported by Staudinger [1], 

The results observed with a representative set of test-liquids are recorded in Fig. 11. The square of the correlation coefficient (r2), determined by linear regression analysis, was in every case 0.99 when the slope was 1, but r2 for those with slopes less than 1 were sometimes less than 0.98, owing to decrease in accuracy as a result of decrease in the difference (S — v) where v is the porosity characteristic of the respective composite film samples. In such cases the determination was repeated to obtain sets of averaged values, which typically exhibited r2 0.99. 

Consistent with Eq. 14, the data recorded in Figs. 9D, 10 and 11 show that the straight-line relationships for S as a function of XL/3 intersect the abscissa at x1 3 = 1.8 + 0.1. This common point of intersection, x Q appears to be characteristic of the polymer and reflects the crosslink density, l/X0 above which swelling (S) is not measurable by this method of analysis, i.e. when DVB/Sty is greater than about 1/5. 

Having established the validity of Eq. 14, this relationship can now be used, in rearranged form (Eq. 16), to calculate the crosslink density (1/k) of poly(Sty-co-DVB) polymers, the swelling ratio of which was already reported or otherwise determined by any other method, provided that C and k0 for the sorbed liquid are known. 

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Gordon, J.L. (1968) Emulsion polymerisation. 4. Experimental verification of theory based on slow termination rate within latex particles. /. Polym. Sci. Al, 6( 3PA1) 687. 

K. Aoki, H. Matsuda. Hydrodynamic voltammetry at channel electrodes. 6. Experimental-verification of theory of collection efficiencies. J Electroanal Chem. 94 157 (1978). 

Towards the experimental verification of the theory of ergonic distribution, five lines of investigation have been struck out. 

The current chapter gives an accoimt on the theory of SWV for systems oc-enrring in a finite diffusion space. The experimental verification of the theoretical... 

On the other hand, a number of qualified investigations on the emulsion polymerization initiated by chemical catalysts and on the experimental verification of the quantitative theory of Smith and Ewart were performed by van der Hoff (14) and Gerrens et ah (4,6). The high experimental standard of these papers in determining the kinetic data is rarely met by papers on the gamma-induced emulsion polymerization. 

In Chapter III, section 1 the elasticity theory for ideal Gaussian networks is reviewed. Since in actual practice dry rubbery networks virtually never adhere to these theories — even in the range of moderate strains — experimental verification of the theory has been undertaken... 

According to RG theory [11, 19, 20], universality rests on the spatial dimensionality D of the systems, the dimensionality n of the order parameter (here n = 1), and the short-range nature of the interaction potential 0(r). In D = 3, short-range means that 0(r) decays as r p with p>D + 2 — tj = 4.97 [21], where rj = 0.033 is the exponent of the correlation function g(r) of the critical fluctuations [22] (cf. Table I). Then, the critical exponents map onto those of the Ising spin-1/2 model, which are known from RG calculations [23], series expansions [11, 12, 24] and simulations [25, 26]. For insulating fluids with a leading term of liquid metals [27-29] the experimental verification of Ising-like criticality is unquestionable. 

In order to verify which of the above nucleation mechanisms accurately represents hydrate nucleation, it is clear that experimental validation is required. This can then lead to such qualitative models being quantified. However, to date, there is very limited experimental verification of the above hypotheses (labile cluster or local structuring model, or some combination of both models), due to both their stochastic and microscopic nature, and the timescale resolution of most experimental techniques. Without experimental validation, these hypotheses should be considered as only conceptual aids. While the resolution of a nucleation theory is uncertain, the next step of hydrate growth has proved more tenable for experimental evidence, as discussed in Section 3.2. 

J. P. Vigier, Sur trois verifications experimentales recentes de consequences mesurables possibles de la theorie des parametres caches (Three recent experimental verifications of possible measurable consequences of the hidden variables theory), C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 279 (1974). 

Carbon-13 rotating-frame relaxation rate measurements are used to elucidate the mechanism of gas transport in glassy polymers. The nmr relaxation measurements show that antiplasticization-plasticization of a glassy polymer by a low molecular weight additive effects the cooperative main-chain motions of the polymer. The correlation of the diffusion coefficients of gases with the main-chain motions in the polymer-additive blends shows that the diffusion of gases in polymers is controlled by the cooperative motions, thus providing experimental verification of the molecular theory of diffusion. Carbon-13 nmr relaxation... 

An important task for theory in the quest for experimental verification of N4 is to provide spectral characteristics that allow its detection. The early computational studies focused on the use of infrared (IR) spectroscopy for the detection process. Unfortunately, due to the high symmetry of N4(7)/) (1), the IR spectrum has only one line of weak intensity [37], Still, this single transition could be used for detection pending that isotopic labeling is employed. Lee and Martin has recently published a very accurate quartic force field of 1, which has allowed the prediction of both absolute frequencies and isotopic shifts that can directly be used for assignment of experimental spectra (see Table 1.) [16]. The force field was computed at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ level with additional corrections for core-correlation effects. The IR-spectrum of N4(T>2 ) (3) consists of two lines, which both have very low intensities [37], To our knowledge, high level calculations of the vibrational frequencies have so far only been performed... 

Considerable work has been invested in the experimental verification of Marcus theory. Kreevoy and Konasewich (1971) have studied the hydrolysis of the diazoacetate ion catalysed by a series of phenols and carboxylic acids (20). Proton transfer takes place in the... 

Static solvent effect — is widely understood as the dependence of -> reaction rate on solvent -> permittivity. The most systematic studies of this effect were stimulated by the early version of -> Marcus theory and mostly consisted in experimental verification of Mar-... 

Eq. 3.27 shows that r is independent of pressure. The experimental verification of this conclusion was one of the greatest triumphs of the kinetic theory of gases. 

Experimental verification of Eq. (3.69) done in [68] with NaDoS film indicates a good agreement with theory. The van der Waals-Hamaker constant Kvw was recalculated from the experimental data about hcr and its value was very close to the theoretically calculated according to the Lifshits theory (Kvw = 10 21 J). 

The main trends of the study of surface forces in foam films are briefly outlined here and the results obtained will be successively discussed in the next Sections. Furthermore, some earlier considerations will be commented, for instance, the first quantitative experimental verification of the DLVO-theory with the aid of foam films, since these results form the base of the further achievements in measurement and interpretation of surface forces and their role in the stability of foam films. 

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