Experimental Set-ups

Most of the experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale reactor (Fig. 8.25). For each experiment, four pieces of coated monoliths were stacked carefully in line and mounted in a 2 m- high heated column of 50 mm diameter. The preheated liquid feed was distributed via a spray nozzle. After each pass, the liquid was collected in the liquid-supply vessel and was circulated continuously through the reactor (batch-recycle mode). The preheated countercurrent nitrogen stream was fed after one pass to a condenser to separate the liquid, and then vented. The condensables were collected in a phase separator, from where the water could be tapped off, whilst the 

8 Reactive Stripping in Structured Catalytic Reactors Hydrodynamics and Reaction Performance 

For reactive stripping experiments, ca. 13 L of liquid was used containing cumene as solvent, tetradecane as internal standard, and ca. 12 mol% each of hexanoic acid and octanol-1. For the experiments with elevated acid concentrations, these values were 20 mol% and 11 mol%, respectively. All experiments were carried out at 160 °C and 5 bar absolute pressure. 

The total BEA catalyst amount in the reactor ranged from 91 to 103 g for the different monolith sets. The mass balances for the experiments were in the range of 99 % to 101 %. The water balances for the reported experiments were in the range of 97 % to 101 %, thus giving sufficient confidence in the results of GC- and KF-analyses. Flooding of the column was never observed. 

For the experiments with increased water content or suppressed water removal, a 5 cm-long piece of coated monolith was mounted in a 500-mL autoclave. All liquid concentrations, operation conditions and catalyst hold-up were the same as in the pilot-scale plant. To maintain a gradient-less operation, a turbine-type stirrer recirculated the liquid very rapidly through the monolith channels. During the experiments, liquid samples were taken from the reactor and analyzed as described above. 

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Figure 3 Experimental set-up for bond inspeelion (a) and probe for the Fokker Bond Tester (b).

The new design of photothermal eamera has been thoroughly evaluated on different kinds of cracked metallic (mainly steel) parts in order to compare its sensitivity to the one of penetrants. For that purpose, an experimental set-up has been built. 

This paper deals with the control of weld depth penetration for cylinders in gold-nickel alloy and tantalum. After introducing the experimental set-up and the samples description, the study and the optimization of the testing are presented for single-sided measurements either in a pulse-echo configuration or when the pump and the probe laser beams are shifted (influence of a thermal phenomenon), and for different kind of laser impact (a line or a circular spot). First, the ultrasonic system is used to detect and to size a flat bottom hole in an aluminium plate. Indeed, when the width of the hole is reduced, its shape is nearly similar to the one of a slot. Then, the optimization is accomplished for... 

Figure 1 shows the schematic of the experimental set up used for the time-of-flight diffraction... 

State I ) m the electronic ground state. In principle, other possibilities may also be conceived for the preparation step, as discussed in section A3.13.1, section A3.13.2 and section A3.13.3. In order to detemiine superposition coefficients within a realistic experimental set-up using irradiation, the following questions need to be answered (1) Wliat are the eigenstates (2) What are the electric dipole transition matrix elements (3) What is the orientation of the molecule with respect to the laboratory fixed (Imearly or circularly) polarized electric field vector of the radiation The first question requires knowledge of the potential energy surface, or... 

There have been a few other experimental set-ups developed for the IR characterization of surfaces. Photoacoustic (PAS), or, more generally, photothemial IR spectroscopy relies on temperature fluctuations caused by irradiating the sample with a modulated monocliromatic beam the acoustic pressure wave created in the gas layer adjacent to the solid by the adsorption of light is measured as a fiinction of photon wavelength... 

Figure C 1.5.13. Schematic diagram of an experimental set-up for imaging 3D single-molecule orientations. The excitation laser with either s- or p-polarization is reflected from the polymer/water boundary. Molecular fluorescence is imaged through an aberrating thin water layer, collected with an inverted microscope and imaged onto a CCD array. Aberrated and unaberrated emission patterns are observed for z- and xr-orientated molecules, respectively. Reprinted with pennission from Bartko and Dickson [148]. Copyright 1999 American Chemical Society.

Eor further details of the history, experimental set-up, and theoretical approaches of LEED please refer to books by Pendry [2.241], van Hove and Tong [2.242], van Hove, Weinberg, and Chan [2.243], and Clarke [2.244]. This article relies extensively on these works. 

Fig. 24. Experimental set-up of Harding and Berg for testing the single-particle composites. The digital video image shows an example of a failed interface for a silane-treated glass bead in polymer matrix. Redrawn from ref. [166].

Zauner and Jones (2000a) describe an experimental set-up for determination of precipitation kinetics, as shown in Figure 6.19. Briefly, the jacket glass reactor (1) (300 ml, d = 65 mm) is equipped with a polyethylene draft tube and four baffles. The contents are stirred using a three-blade marine-type propeller (5) with motor (Haake), which pumps the suspension upwards in the annulus and downwards inside the draft tube. Measured power inputs ranged from 3.3 X 10- to 1.686 W/kg. 

Figure 6.19 Experimental set-up continuous MSMPR reaction-crystallizer (Zauner and Jones, 2000a)...

In order to validate the predietions of the theoretieal analysis based on the SFM, Zauner and Jones (2000b) studied the effeet of reaetor seale (eapaeity) on the preeipitation of ealeium oxalate obtained from reaeting supersaturated solutions of ealeium ehloride CaCl2 and sodium oxalate Na2C204. The geometries of the 4.3 1 and 12 1 preeipitation reaetors are shown in Figure 8.2 with the experimental set-up shown in Figure 8.3. 

The experimental set-up used for the semibateh experiments is similar to that used for the eontinuous experiments but without use of the offtake. The partiele... 

Fig. 2. Experimental set up for characterizing channel or carrier induced currents crossing the small area of a planar lipid bilayer which is schematically shown in enlarged view. Net current derives from either an applied potential or a concentration gradient...

The layout of the experimental set-up is shown in Figure 8-3. The laser source was a Ti sapphire laser system with chirped pulse amplification, which provided 140 fs pulses at 780 nm and 700 pJ energy at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The excitation pulses at 390 nm were generated by the second harmonic of the fundamental beam in a 1-nun-thick LiB305 crystal. The pump beam was focused to a spot size of 80 pm and the excitation energy density was between 0.3 and 12 ntJ/crn2 per pulse. Pump-... 

The batch experiment had neither incoming fresh media nor any product stream leaving the fermentation vessel. A complete experimental set up with a B. Braun Biostat, is shown in the above laboratory experimental set up. The continuous flow of media requires a feed tank and product reservoir. The batch process has many disadvantages such as substrate and product inhibition, whereas in the continuous process the fresh nutrients may remove any toxic by-product formed. 

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