Experimental Methods and Instruments

The photographic methods of spectrophotometry are not merely slow and expensive, but are also limited in accuracy in the measurement of absorption intensity. The accuracy will be in the range of 2 to 5%. The modem photoelectric spectrophotometers are claimed to be accurate within 0 2% for intensity measurement. The photoelectric instruments incorporate one or 

Perkin-Elmer, Model 350, recording Perkin-Elmer, Model 202, recording, 175-2700 

General Electric, recording Rapid Scanning, No. 10175, with 380-700 1 

Beckman Instruments, U.S.A. Unicam Instruments Ltd., England Hilger and Watts, England Applied Physics Corp., U.S.A. Applied Physics Corp., U.S.A. 

---

Section B 1.1.2 provides a brief summary of experimental methods and instrumentation, including definitions of some of the standard measured spectroscopic quantities. Section B 1.1.3 reviews some of the theory of spectroscopic transitions, especially the relationships between transition moments calculated from wavefunctions and integrated absorption intensities or radiative rate constants. Because units can be so confusing, numerical factors with their units are included in some of the equations to make them easier to use. Vibrational effects, the Franck-Condon principle and selection rules are also discussed briefly. In the final section, B 1.1.4, a few applications are mentioned to particular aspects of electronic spectroscopy. 

The physico-chemical properties of the produced samples of PAn, nano-TiO -S and its composites were characterized with the use of the following experimental methods and instrumental supplies. X-ray phase analysis were carried out with use of DRON-3 diffractometer Cu Ka radiation, 1 = 1.54 A). FTIR spectra of s mthesized samples were registered on the NICOLETZS 10 spectrometer (samples were pressed into a pellet together with KBr). 

Experimental Methods and Instrumentation for Chemical Engineers. ht //dx.doi.org/10.l016/B978-0444>53804>8.00001 0 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved... 

---