Existing Commercial Projects

As discussed in the Existing Commercial Projects portion of this section, several commercial projects use the Texaco coal gasification process. However, these plants are for chemical synthesis gas application and do not include IGCC power generation. In addition, most commercial Texaco projects do not use syngas coolers to generate steam from the hot raw coal gas. 

As the extent of fundamental research in the field increases, so does the feasibility of using CS technology either to produce novel materials or to replace existing commercial synthesis processes. In this section, we consider the technological and economic advantages of using CS to produce advanced materials, as well as describe some current commercial projects. 

Our goals were to develop a series of esterases that offered a range of substrate specificities, enhanced enzyme stability, and were useful in a variety of synthetic chemistry applications on a large scale. At the onset of this project, the existing commercial enzymes did not fully address the need for different substrate specificities, improved stereoselectivity,stability under industrial reaction conditions, and availabihty in large quantities. We also wanted the enzymes to be produced at high levels and have high overall activity. 

The initial step in the program is the development of a characterization project to assess the effect of a number of primary variables on the performance of laminates under irradiation and at 4 K. Typical variables are reinforcement type, resin system, and cure cycle. The materials will represent a cross section of the existing commercial laminate production. Several laminates will be specially fabricated to provide increased radiation resistance. They will utilize commercial, boron-free glass for reinforcement and epoxy systems cured with aromatic amines. All test laminates will be made by a commercial producer under conditions dupli-... 

In particular, the project is associated with a 25 tonnes per day COj capture plant, in which the flue gas is at atmospheric pressure and, apart from CO2 (about 11-12%), contains also other gases such as N2, O2, H2O, SO and NOj as well as particulate matter. For post-combustion CO2 capture, the project considers both the existing commercial separation techniques (solvent absorption with amino acid and potassium carbonate solvents) and also novel capture options, such as membrane and adsorption. With respect to the membranes, the programme includes the evaluation of the performance of module configurations under real flue gas conditions, and with respect to the membrane plant, two process options are available ... 

The impact which these larger projects will have npon the Humber and its existing commercial shipping lanes is something of conjecture at this time, as strategies for their development must surely evolve beyond that of an onshore base. The locations of these wind farms from shore (in excess... 

Commercial and Artificial Processing. Commercially, silkworm cocoons are extracted in hot soapy water to remove the sticky sericin protein. The remaining fibroin or stmctural sdk is reeled onto spools, yielding approximately 300—1200 m of usable thread per cocoon. These threads can be dyed or modified for textile appUcations. Production levels of sdk textiles in 1992 were 67,000 metric tons worldwide. The highest levels were in China, at 30,000 t, foUowed byJapan, at 17,000 t, and other Asian and Oceanian countries, at 14,000 t (24). Less than 3000 metric tons are produced annually in each of eastern Europe, western Europe, and Latin America almost no production exists in North America, the Middle East, or Africa. 1993 projections were for a continued worldwide increase in sdk textile production to 75,000 metric tons by 1997 and 90,000 metric tons by 2002 (24). 

There are several initiatives for the development and demonstration of CCS worldwide. For instance, the European Union has an ambition to deploy 10-12 full-scale CCS demonstration projects within Europe by 2015, testing various ways of integrating CCS in coal and gas-fired power generation it also aims for CCS to be commercially viable for all new fossil fuel power plants by 2020, with existing plants progressively retrofitted (EC, 2007). Other pilot and demonstration plants are planned in the United States, Australia and China.5... 

It has been demonstrated that red oak OSL could be used to replace 35% to 40% of the phenol (or phenolic resin solids) in phenol-formaldehyde resins used to laminate maple wood and to bond southern pine flake boards (wafer-board and/or strandboard) without adversely affecting the physical bond properties. While this pulping process and by-product lignin do not commercially exist at this time in the United States, lignins from such processes are projected to cost 40% to 50% less than phenol as a polymer raw material. 

Once the inhalation exposure questions have been identified, the specifications for each personal monitor must be determined and the monitor must be validated for the contaminant being measured. Table I, updated from Samet et al. (14), identifies currently available personal monitors, and Table II, taken from an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report (15), shows the projected needs in the 1990s. There are a number of opportunities for research on personal monitors Table II indicates that relatively few commercial units are currently available for either particulate or gas-phase species. For compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a two-stage sampler is required because some PAHs exist simultaneously in the gaseous and particulate phase (16). Consequently, research must be ranked with respect to the significance of the air pollution problem, and the technological developments required to provide reliable samplers must be defined. 

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