Execution, judicial

ORUS, 1879. Department of the Interior. Official Register of the United States, Containing a List of Officers and Employees in the Civil, Military, and Naval Service on the Thirtieth of June, 1879 Together with a List of Ships and Vessels Belonging to the United States. Volume I. Legislative, Executive, Judicial. Compiled and Printed under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior. 

When used judiciously, the advantages of QRA can outweigh the associated problems and costs. Companies that prudently commission QRAs and conscientiously act on the resulting recommendations are better off for two reasons (1) they have a better base of information to make decisions and (2) their judicious use of QRA technology represents another demonstration of responsible concern for the health and safety of workers and the public. However, companies should resist the indiscriminate use of QRA as a means to solve all problems since this strategy could waste safety improvement resources, diverting attention from other essential safety activities. Once executives are able to interpret and use QRA results, they will appreciate that the quality of their decisions rests largely on their ability to understand the salient analysis assumptions and the limitations of the results. 

Because privacy of the home is the essence, the Fourth Amendment, poHce actions must relate to the authorized intrusion. AH searches outside the judicial process, without prior approval of a judge, is per se unreasonable [24]. The poHce must estabHsh exigent circumstances to overcome this presumption. Only poHce can serve a warrant. Furthermore, members of the media and third parties cannot be present during execution of a search warrant [25, 26]. It is noteworthy that a vaHd arrest warrant cannot be used to enter the home of a third party named in the warrant. There must be a search warrant based on probable cause if the named person is on the premises [27]. Upon execution of a vaHd search warrant, poHce may detain its occupants whHe conducting the search [28]. Also, during the search of the premises, the police may not automaticaUy search someone else found at that location. The third party may be subjected to a safety pat down search based on a reasonable articuable basis for their safety and then temporarily detained, but nothing more. 

In cases of domestic subversive investigations, compliance with the Fourth Amendment s warrant provision is required. The President cannot authorize domestic surveillance without prior judicial approval. These Fourth Amendment freedoms cannot properly be guaranteed if domestic security surveillance may be conducted solely within the discretion of the Executive Branch. Even Congress cannot exempt the President from warrant requirements in protection of domestic security [86]. 

Constitutional safeguards, including active utilization of governmental checks and balances, must be highly maintained. The system of checks and balances, through a separation of powers between the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Branches of government, was created by the Constitution to prevent consolidation... 

Much of the early history of toxicology has been lost and in much that has survived toxicology is of almost incidental importance in manuscripts dealing primarily with medicine. Some, however, deal more specifically with toxic action or with the use of poisons for judicial execution, suicide or political assassination. Regardless of the paucity of the early record, and given the need for people to avoid toxic animals and plants, toxicology must rank as one of the oldest practical sciences. 

The question of the executive and judicial means by which the people can be guaranteed to be kept comprehensively and truthfully informed is bound to be a difficult one in view of the fundamental freedoms of press and speech. It would be necessary to require, for example, that the media be subject to democratic control in that the formation of political or economic monopolies would be prevented. One proposal would be to allow access to the media in their area of operations to political parties proportional to the vote they received or to socially-concerned organizations (such as religions) proportional to their membership, without a limiting minimum percent. 

Drugs Used for Torture, Interrogation, and Judicial Execution... 

Drugs, such as suxamethonium hallucinogens, thiopentone, nemoleptics, amphetamines, apomorphine, and cyclophosphamide, have been used for torture, interrogation, and judicial execution.153 These drugs have been used to hurt, frighten, and confuse the victim to reveal the truth in case of murder or theft. 

The Allied propagandists of 1945 were naturally uninterested in such facts, and the media of the western world are equally uninterested in these same facts today. In the distorted picture of the diabolical SS men who supposedly allowed the inmates to starve to death, Bergen-Belsen Camp Commandant Josef Kramer - who was executed after a judicial farce,93 although he did everything in his power to bring about an improvement in desperate camp conditions - went down in history as the uBeast of Belsen , a history written by the victors, as is always the case. 

In conclusion we shall add that the American verdict in Case VII (SouthEast Trial) expresses the opinion that under international law a judicial decision is required prior to an execution.103 This view is incorrect. Under continental law reprisals are never within the jurisdiction of a court. Courts are responsible only for punishment, not for the assessment of military necessities. The opinion expressed in the verdict proves that the court confused the concepts of reprisals and punishment. 

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