Evacuation categories

Un puits de service est un puits fore ou equipe en vue d aider la production dans un gisement existant. Les puits de cette categorie sont fores pour remplir diverses fonctions specialisees injection de gaz (gaz naturel, propane, butane ou gaz de combustion), injection d eau, injection de vapeur, injection d air, evacuation d eau salee, alimentation en eau pour I injection, observation, injection en vue de la combustion sur place. 

A Category 3 incident is an emergency of major proportions. It may have escalated from a smaller incident or arise instantaneously, e.g. due to a confined or unconfined vapour cloud explosion or a catastrophic failure of a storage vessel. The response from the emergency services will again need to be predetermined by pre-planning. Extensive evacuation of the general public may be required. 

EXPECTANT The expectant casualty is one for whom medical care cannot be provided at the medical treatment facility and cannot be evacuated for more advanced care in time to save his life. This category is used only during mass casualty situations. This category does not mean that these casualties will receive medical care. 

Transfer of Momentum Deceleration of one fluid (motivating fluid) in order to transfer its momentum to a second fluid (pumped fluid) is a principle commonly used in the handling of corrosive materials, in pumping from inaccessible depths, or for evacuation. Jets and eductors are in this category. 

For example, an emergency judged to be controllable within the unit, with no evacuation outside the unit and no impact in the community, is a Level One Emergency. Small releases of hazardous materials usually fall into this category. Appropriate response items to consider would include ... 

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ERA considers it a health hazard if a particular chemical gas has a ground-level concentration (GLC) greater than 1 x 10 g/m. An explosion in a chemical plant releases 1000 kg of this gas as a puff from ground level conditions. A residential community is located 4000 m downwind and 1000 m crosswind Ifom the source of the explosion. If the wind speed is 6 m/s and the stability category is unstable, how much time do the residents have to evacuate the town ... 

Of course, a fourth category of mustard gas casualty can emerge—the conditions variously know as gas neurosis or gas mania, that is, soldiers who believe they have been exposed to chemical agents and have symptoms, but in whom no physical evidence of exposure can be detected (for an extensive review of these historical war phenomena, see Stokes Banderet, 1997). Besides these medical cases, one must be aware that in every conflict there are the shirkers (Heller, 1984) individuals who feign being exposed or deliberately expose themselves to contaminated material in order to be evacuated. 

Greater than 830 LD90 to LD100 Expectant Category If assets are available, then early evacuation to tertiary level medical center during manifest illness. Patient will require extensive reverse isolation to prevent cross contamination and nosocomial infection. Most patients will remain expectant. 

A casualty in the minimal category is one who needs minor care and who is expected to return to duty within hours after that care is provided. In a noncontaminated environment, these casualties will generally not be evacuated. 

A casualty in the delayed category is one who has a serious injury, but who can wait for care. The delay will not change the ultimate outcome. Most vesicant casualties with skin lesions will be in this category. Generally, delayed casualties will not be sent to the emergency treatment area and will not be decontaminated at the lower-echelon facility. They will be evacuated in a dirty vehicle. 

A casualty in the expectant category is one who needs care that is beyond the capability of that MTF to provide. In addition, the needed care is required before the casualty can be evacuated to the MTF that can provide such care. Depending on his condition and the circumstances in the MTF at the time, the casualty will initially be set aside but will be decontaminated. As circumstances permit, he will be reexamined and possibly be retriaged to a higher category. 

A minority of casualties who are able to walk will be decontaminated at the BAS or other low echelon of care. Most walking casualties who require significant medical attention will have nonurgent injuries and can be evacuated to a higher echelon for needed care. Casualties in either of these categories, those who need significant care and those who can be returned to duty after MOPP replacement, can be evacuated in a dirty vehicle. 

Triage categories are based on the need for medical care, and they should not be confused with categories for evacuation to a higher-echelon medical treatment facility (MTF) for definitive care. The need for evacuation and, more importantly, the... 

Category 2 (Implementing early protective actions and taking action to protect the public.) This group consists of workers who will incur additional exposure in order to avert doses to the public, such as police, medical personnel, drivers, and crews of vehicles used for evacuation and similar group. Ideally, the aim should be to keep the doses below those permitted in normal conditions. 

Threat category V is for areas that are far enough away from category I or II facilities not to require implementation of urgent proteetive actions such as evacuation, relocation, and sheltering but where there is a potential for food and foodstuff contamination that calls for the implementation of agrieultural countermeasures and foodstuff monitoring and control. 

Evacuation. Evacuation can be the most effective protective action from all the exposure pathways resulting from a plume. In general, evacuation is the preferred protective action for areas close to any source of hazardous material release, provided that it can be implemented safely and promptly. For example, in the precautionary action zone, evacuation or substantial shelter is appropriate for a severe accident. However, the effectiveness of an evacuation depends on the nature of the release, time to initiate and complete, distance from the source, duration of the release, and other factors. The effectiveness of evacuation relative to shelter must be determined by careful study for each threat category I facility. These studies have come to some counterintuitive conclusions. For example, as shown above under Public Protective Actions, walking (e.g., evacuation by foot) in a plume from close to a... 

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