Eukaryotes metabolome

Before we describe the chemistry of the compartments involved, note that like prokaryotes, a number of oxidative enzymes are found in the cytoplasm but they do not release damaging chemicals (see Section 6.10). We also observed that such kinds of kinetic compartments are not enclosed by physical limitations such as membranes. We have also mentioned that increased size itself makes for kinetic compartments if diffusion is restricted. In this section, we see many additional advantages of eukaryotes from those given in Section 7.4. How deceptive it can be to use just the DNA, the all-embracing proteome, metabolome or metallome in discussing evolution without the recognition of the thermodynamic importance of compartments and their concentrations These data could be useful both here and in simpler studies of single-compartment bacteria even in the analysis of species but not much information is available. 

Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) and TOF-MS were used for direct profiling of phytochemicals in different parts of a fresh tulip bulb [80], which emphasized the possibility of conducting in-vivo MS analysis of less sensitive biological matrices such as plant tissues. Recently, Pan et al. [81] demonstrated single-probe MS which can conduct metabolomic analysis of individual living cells in real time. The diameter of this probe is < 10 pm which makes the device compatible with eukaryotic cells. Atmospheric pressure ion sources are particularly suitable for analysis of live biological specimens. Cellular metabolism does not need to be quenched before analysis. For instance, in laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI)-MS, cells are irradiated by a laser beam in order to extract small amounts of cytosolic components, and to transfer them to the ESI plume [82]. 

Edwards, J. L., Keimedy, R. T. (2005) Metabolomic analysis of eukaryotic tissue and prokaryotes using negative mode MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem, 77, 2201—2209. 

Fig. 1. Fundamental molecular classes in eukaryotic organisms and their interactions. Subdisciplines devoted to studying particular classes are shown on the perimeter. Genomics gives an unprecedented glimpse into the DNA-based molecular design of hfe. Proteomics studies the translated and modified proteins, the main actors of cellular processes, and metabolomics tracks the dynamic changes in the makeup of small molecules brought about by inherent and environmental conditions. Ultimately, all the molecular constiments, their interactions, and the knowledge of the entire reaction network are needed to understand the basic processes in physiology.

The dififerent themes above are often isolated but this is because of the multitude of biological models and the associated scientific questions, such as the separation between terrestrial and marine chemical ecology. In this context, the chapter will take the form of responses to the questions with a common scientific approach and which are associated with characteristic examples of the dififerent models studied. In this chapter, examples were mainly chosen among macroscopic eukaryotes. Chapter 4 more specifically dealing with the microbiome. In addition, metabolomic approaches, being the subject of Chapter 7, will only be very briefly mentioned. 

Thus, this domain of research, one of those most advanced in terms of understanding mechanisms of chemical signaling among Eukaryotes, has evolved in recent years to more complex studies at the connnunity scale, notably through the recent developments of metabolomic approaches coupled with reverse genetics on a model such as the plant Nicotiana benthamiana [GAQ 14]. Likewise, the contribution of metabolomics to... 

---