Eukaryotes horizontal gene transfer

Finally, reproduction in all eukaryotes is dependent on sexual interaction (see Margulis (1995) in Further Reading). The implication is twofold that the DNA is at all times less exposed to horizontal gene transfer that is from species to species, which is common in bacteria but the DNA is more open to recombination as a... 

III. Domains Originating Early in Eukaryotic Lineage A. Horizontal Gene Transfer... 

Enzymes that are structurally related to the eukaryotic V-ATPase are also found in certain eubacteria (Speelmans etal., 1994 Takase etal., 1994 Yokoyama etal., 1990). Based on nucleotide sequence analysis, it is believed that these bacterial V-like ATPases have been introduced into the eubacteria via horizontal gene transfer from Archaea (Hilario and Gogarten, 1993, 1998). The subunit composition of the bacterial V-like ATPase is indeed more similar to the archaeal A-ATPase than to the eukaryotic V-ATPase, and we will therefore treat the bacterial V-ATPase—like enzyme together with the archaeal A-ATPase (see below). In the following, we will use the name V-ATPase only for the eukaryotic enzyme, and we will call the bacterial enzyme the A/V-type ATPase as suggested by Hilario and Gogarten (1998). 

Based on sequence comparison, the eubacterial V-type ATPase is a product of horizontal gene transfer from the Archaea. Much of the information about the subunit arrangement in the eubacterial A/V-type—like ATPase comes from studies with the enzymes from C. fervidus and T. thermophilus (Boekema et al, 1997, 1999 Ubbink-Kok et al, 2000 Yokoyama et al, 2003a). A recent 3D reconstruction of the A/V- ATPase from T. thermophilus (Bernal and Stock, 2004) revealed the structural similarity to both the eukaryotic V-ATPase (Domgall et al., 2002 Wilkens et al., 2004, 2005) and the archaeal A-ATPase (Coskun et al., 2004a,b). The x-ray crystal structure for the C-subunit of the bacterial A/V-like ATPase has been reported recently (Iwata et al, 2004). The C-subunit of the bacterial V-like ATPase shows limited but significant sequence homology to the cZ-subunit of the eukaryotic V-ATPase. 

Jain R, Rivera MC, Lake JA (1999) Horizontal gene transfer among genomes the complexity hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 3801-3806 Javaux EJ, Knoll AH, Walter MR (2001) Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems. Nature 412 66-69... 

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic endosymbiosis increased horizontal gene transfer. Symbiosis is an important evolutionary concept since it works as efficiently as an ongoing cooperation it is a major driving force behind evolution. 

Richards TA, Dacks JB, Campbell SA, Blanchard JL, Foster PG, McLeod R, Roberts CW. Evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic shikimate pathway gene fusions, horizontal gene transfer, and endosymbiotic replacements. Eukaryot Cell. 2006 5 1517-31. 

Penalva MA, Moya A, Dopaza J, Ramon D. Sequences of isopenicillin N synthetase genes suggest horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Proc R Soc London Ser 1990 241 164-169. 

---