Ethylene 32, Propylene 33, Butylenes

The value of butylenes ia the United States is determined by their value ia alkylation of isobutane to high octane gasoline. Table 11 shows how the chemical use of ethylene, propylene, butylenes, and butanes varied between 1983 and 1988 and their corresponding price swiags. 

Table 11. Prices and Chemical Use for Ethylene, Propylene, Butylenes, and Butanes in the United States between 1983 and 1988 ...

The most important olefins and diolefins used to manufacture petrochemicals are ethylene, propylene, butylenes, and hutadiene. Butadiene, a conjugated diolefin, is normally coproduced with C2-C4 olefins from different cracking processes. Separation of these olefins from catalytic and thermal cracking gas streams could he achieved using physical and chemical separation methods. However, the petrochemical demand for olefins is much greater than the amounts these operations produce. Most olefins and hutadienes are produced hy steam cracking hydrocarbons. 

Olefins (alkenes contain double bonds) =c/ / C2H4,C3H6,C4H8,...,C H2 Ethene, propene, butane (ethylene, propylene, butylene) Diolefins contain two double bonds The compounds are unsaturated since C H2 can be saturated to C H2 +2... 

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are typified by ethylene. Propylene, butylene, and bigger molecules are structured in the same manner as the saturates, but... 

Light alkene selectivities from MTO over SAPO-34 at 400-450 °C (ethylene > propylene butylenes > pentenes) are quite different than those predicted from thermodynamic equilibrium (butylenes > propylene > pentenes > ethylene). Over... 

Petroleum feedstock, natural gas and tar represent the main production chain drivers for the petrochemical industry (Bell, 1990). From these, many important petrochemical intermediates are produced, including ethylene, propylene, butylenes, butadiene, benzene, toluene, and xylene. These essential intermediates are then converted to many other intermediates and final petrochemical products, constructing a complex petrochemical network. Figure 1.4 depicts a portion of the petrochemical alternative routes to produce cellulous acetate. 

A relatively small number of chemicals form the basis of the petrochemical industry. These are methane, ethylene, propylene, butylenes, benzene, toluene, and xylenes. These chemicals are used to derive thousands of other chemicals that are used to produce countless products. Figure 19.2 lists some of the principal chemicals and products derived from these seven basic chemicals. 

Electrochemical Nitrations. A method developed in 1956 in Sweden by Ohman for prepn of nitric acid esters has been described in several patents. The method consists in anodic oxidation (using a bright platinum anode) in presence of nitric acid, or its salts (such.as Ca nitrate). The compds to be nitrated areunsaturated hydrocarbons (such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, etc), which can be dissolved in nonaqueous solvents (such as acetone). The OH concn is maintained low during the reaction by adding either coned nitric acid or glacial acetic acid. Water should be absent to prevent the formation of various by-products... 

Selenium Derivatives of Ethylene, Propylene, Butylene AND AmYLENE. 

Catalytic cracking Ethylene Propylene Butylenes Higher olefins... 

Copolymers of isobutene with styrene (< 10 %) and isoprene (< 3 %) may be used for the manufacture of food contact materials. The following polymerizates and polymer mixes can be added to these polymerizates polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-acrylonitrile mixed polymers, mixed polymers of ethylene, propylene, butylene, vinyl esters and unsaturated aliphatic acids as well as salts and esters and polybutene-1. 

For unplasticized chlorinated PVC, unplasticized chlorinated polymer blends of vinyl chloride and mixtures of these copolymers with other polymer blends, the following starting materials can be used PVC (homopolymer) polymer blends of vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, trans-dichloroethylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid as well as chlorine. 

Carboxylic acid-containing polysaccharides can be easily functionalized by reactions such as esterification, amination, or amidation. Industrial esterification of polyuronides, including alginic acid (O Chap. 6.4), in aqueous medium can be easily accomplished by reaction with ethylene, propylene, butylene, andpentylene oxides in 50-80% yield [123]. 

Virtually all organic chemicals are made wholly or in part from petroleum and natural gas. Methane, ethane, propane, butane, ethylene, propylene, butylenes, cyclohexane, and other nonaromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives are made entirely from petroleum and natural gas. Toluene, xylenes, cresylic acids, ammonia, cyclopentadiene, and their derivatives are made principally, although not entirely, from petroleum and natural gas. Benzene, acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, sulfur, and their derivatives are made in part from petroleum and natural gas, although other sources are more important. As a matter of fact, there are very few organic chemicals which are not made wholly or in part from petroleum or natural gas. A few examples of chemicals not made from petroleum or natural gas are naphthols, regenerated cellulose, fatty acids, toxaphene, furfural, glutamic acid, and sorbitol. 

Petrochemical surfactants are mainly derived from ethylene, propylene, butylenes, benzene, and also naphthalene as building blocks [46]. The most important emulsifiers for emulsion polymerization are anionic and non-ionic surfactants. Cationic and amphoteric surfactants are only used in special cases and are of minor importance as emulsifiers for polymerization. 

Olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylenes, and pentylenes) that occur in refinery (process) gas have specific characteristics and require specific testing protocols (ASTM D-5234, ASTM D-5273, ASTM D-5274). 

Similarly, n-hexane gave formaldehyde, ethylene, propylene, butylenes, amylenes, xylenes, water and carbon dioxide. The presence of butadiene in the products of these two oxidations is questionable. 

Ziegler (organoaliiminum) oxo (hydroformylation) aldol paraffin oxidation Guerbet Total ethylene, triethylaluminum olefins based on ethylene, propylene, butylene, or paraffins //-butyraldehyde paraffin hydrocarbons lower primary alcohols primary C —Clg linear alcohols primary alcohols 2-ethylhexanol secondary alcohols branched primary alcohols 0.3 4.2 a 0.2 b 4.7... 

The sulfation of the lower alkenes derived from petroleum (ethylene, propylene, butylenes) with concentrated acid is operated on a large scale for producing the corresponding alcohols for the case of ethanol, the reactions are as follows ... 

Oxygenated solvents are usually single molecules and, with a few exceptions at the higher molecular weight end, are available as relatively pure, single isomers. Methane, ethylene, propylene, butylene, air and water are the main building blocks to most of the important ones. The main routes to the primary oxygenated solvents are shown in Table 1.2. Table 1.3 shows the second line derivatives. 

Alkylation of naphtelene with ethylene,propylene,butylene etc. in the presence of catalysts such as BFs-phosphoric acid... 

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