Ethylene alkyl ether

Homologous mono-alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol, such as monoethyl glycol (or 2-ethoxyethanol), HOC2H4OC2H5, form excellent solvents as they combine to a large extent the solvent properties of alcohols and ethers. The monoethyl and the monomethyl members have the technical names of ethyl cellosolve and methyl cellosolve respectively. Dioxan... 

Mono-alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol, ROCHjCHjOH. The mono methyl, ethyl and n-butyl ethers are inexpensive and are known as methyl cellosolve, cellosolve, and butyl cellosolve respectively. They are completely miscible with water, and are excellent solvents. The commercial products are purified by drying over anhydrous potassium carbonate or anhydrous calcium sulphate, followed by fractionation after... 

Di-alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol, ROCHjCHjOR. The dimethyl ether, b.p. 85°/760 mm., is miscible with water, is a good solvent for organic compounds, and is an excellent inert reaction medium. The diethyl ether (diethyl cdloaolve), b.p. 121-57760 mm., is partially miscible with water (21 per cent, at 20°). 

When CH3OH is adsorbed first, the strongly adsorbed CH OH is transformed into ethers, olefins, paraffins and aromatics, m a similar way, when it was the only reactant present (7) (A). C2H4 remains inactive below 623 K. At this temperature, it begins to react as it is shown by the NMR signals in the paraffinic region (B). It can be assumed that in such conditions, ethylene alkylates aromatics obtained from methanol. 

Nagano K, Nakayama E, Koyano M, et ah Testicular atrophy of mice induced by ethylene glycol mono alkyl ether. Jpn J Ind Health 21 29-35, 1979... 

Nagano K, Nakayama E, Oobayashi H, et al Experimental studies on toxicity of ethylene glycol alkyl ethers in Japan. Environ Health Perspect 57 75-84, 1984... 

Suzuki T, Oriyama T (1999) Novel reactions of ethylene acetals with silyl-substituted nucleophiles. A mild and efficient procedure for the synthesis of homoallyl alkyl ethers and unsymmetrical dialkyl ethers. Synth Commun 29 1263-1269... 

H.W. Werner et al, Effects of Repeated Exposures of Rats to Vapors of Mono alkyl Ethylene Glycol Ethers , JIndHygToxicol... 

Several flexible polymers, such as natural rubber (NR) synthetic rubber (SR) polyalkyl acrylates copolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene, (ABS) and polyvinyl alkyl ethers, have been used to improve the impact resistance of PS and PVC. PS and copolymers of ethylene and propylene have been used to increase the ductility of polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and nylon 66, respectively. The mechanical properties of several other engineering plastics have been improved by blending them with thermoplastics. 

These monomers are also produced by an oxidative process in which the alkanols are added directly lo ethylene and Ihe alkyl ethers are thermally decomposed to produce hydrogen and the alkyl vinyl ethers. 

The relatively mild synthetic conditions during iterative growth of poly(benzyl ether) dendrons are tolerated by many peripheral groups (e.g. cyano, bromide functionality, alkyl ester, alkyl ether, perfluoroalkyl ether, oligo(ethylene glycol)... 

This class of surfactants has possibly the widest range of use of any anionic surfactant. It is found in almost every product where foaming is desirable, in industrial, household and personal care applications. Alkyl ether sulphates are described in terms of their parent alcohol and the degree of ethoxylation. Thus, sodium laureth-2 is the sodium salt of a sulphated (predominantly) C12 alcohol, with an average of 2 mol of ethylene oxide added. Often, the alcohol is assumed to be the typical C12-14 and the surfactant simply called a 2-or 3-mol ether sulphate. 

Since the report by Carboni and Lindsey in 1959 on the cycloaddition reaction of tetrazines to multiple bonded molecules as a route to pyridazines, such reactions have been extensively studied. In addition to acetylenes and ethylenes, enol ethers, ketene acetals, enol esters and enamines, and even aldehydes and ketones have been used as starting materials for pyridazines. A detailed investigation of various 1,2,4, 5-tetrazines in these syntheses revealed the following facts. In [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of 3,6-bis(methylthio)-l,2,4,5-tetrazine with dienophiles, which lead to pyridazines, the following order of reactivity was observed (in parenthesis the reaction temperature is given) ynamines (25°C) > enamines (25-60°C) > ketene acetals (45-100°C) > enamides (80-100°C) > trimethylsilyl or alkyl enol ethers (100-140°C) > enol... 

Alkyl poly(ethylene glycol)ethers (non-ionic surfactants)... 

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are employed extensively in cosmetics, where the CTFA names laureth-N, myreth-N, ceteth-N, and steareth-N are commonly used. In this nomenclature, N is the number of ethylene oxide groups, e.g. steareth-20. 

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are prepared by the condensation of linear fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide. The reaction is controlled so that the required ether is formed with the polyethylene glycol of the desired molecular weight. 

Propylene glycol is commonly used to make antifreeze and deicing solutions for cars, airplanes, and boats to make polyester compounds and as solvents in the paint and plastics industries. It is used as a substitute for ethylene glycol mono-alkyl ethers in all-purpose cleaners, coatings, inks, nail polish, lacquers, latex paints, and adhesives. It is also used to create artificial smoke or fog used in fire-fighting training and in theatrical productions. 

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