Ethylating agent, list

A number of inhalation anesthetics have been introduced to clinical practice, some of which are listed in Table 1. All agents introduced after 1950, except ethyl vinyl etliei, contain fluorine, Agents such as ethei, chloroform, trichloroethylene (Trilene), cyclopropane, and fluoroxene (Fluoromar), which were once used, have been displaced by the newer fluorinated anesthetics. 

Pancreatic cholesterol esterase (3.1.1.3.) aids in transporting cholesterol to the enterocyte. By utilizing a selective and potent cholesterol esterase inhibitor 6-chloro-3-(l-ethyl-2-cyclohexyl)-2-pyrone, the absorption of cholesterol in hamsters could be reduced [71]. Wadkins et al. [72] synthesized novel sulfonamide derivatives, which demonstrated greater than 200-fold selectivity for human intestinal carboxylesterase compared with the human liver carboxylesterase hCEl, and none of them was an inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinester-ase. Maybe these agents can serve as lead compounds for the development of effective, selective carboxylesterase inhibitors for clinical applications. Also the potent P-gp inhibitor verapamil [73] as well as S,S,S-tributylphosphortrithionate (DEF) [74] may exhibit carboxylesterase inhibitory properties. Various other inhibitors of human esterases are listed in Table 5.6. 

Table 2 illustrates that the majority of Schedule numbers allow deriving only one or a few different possible chemicals. One Schedule number however, Schedule 2.B.4, describes millions of possibilities ( Chemicals, except for those listed in Schedule 1, containing a phosphorous atom to which is bonded one methyl, ethyl or propyl (normal or iso) group but no further carbon atoms ) and more importantly, the theoretical possibilities for the nerve agents... 

In veterinary medicine, the list of inhalation anesthetics generally includes only two agents, halothane [151-67-7] and methoxyflurane [76-38-0]. Although ether (ethyl ether) is used extensively in experimental work with laboratory animals, the risks associated with its use and the advantages of halothane and methoxyflurane have removed ether from general use by the practitioner. 

Ethyl acetate finds particular use as a flavor enhancer in foods and pharmaceuticals because of its fruity taste when diluted. It is included on the US Eood and Drug Administration s Generally Recognized As Safe list for use as a synthetic flavoring agent. Ethyl acetate is also approved for use as an indirect food additive in certain packaging materials. 

Fig. 8. Re-reduction Kinetics of P700 in the compiexes formed between PSi-200 particies with wild-type and mutant plastocyanins using /V-ethyl-3[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDC) as the cross-linking agent. Nd-YAG laser flashes were used for excitation. The kinetic traces were presented on divided time scales of 0.2 and 2 ms per division, respectively, (a) PSI/wild-type PC (b), (c) and (d) PSI/mutant PC complexes (see legend on the right side for details). Decay time constants r.,sare also listed in the legend at right. Figure and data source Hippier, Reichert, Sutter, Zak, Altschmied, SchrOer, Herrmann and Haehnel (1996) The plastocyanin binding domain of photosystem I. EMBO J 15 6378.

Citric acid, found in citrus fruits, is listed as an inhibitor, and also occurs as a reaction intermediate in the metabolic tricarboxylic acid or dtric acid cycle. Ethanol or ethyl alcohol makes an unexpected appearance as an inhibitor, as does glycerol. The ubiquitous alkaloid ingredient of coffee, better known as caffeine, is listed as an inhibitor (in fact, coffee enemas are sometimes used in folkloric cancer treatments). Creatine, a nitrogenous compound found naturally in the body, is an inhibitor, and is a known anticancer agent, for example, as used with urea in a nuxture called Carbatine. 

In addition to the list, maleated polymers as coupling agents are produced by Arkema as Lotader series. They are not made by reactive extrusion. These compounds are terpolymers of ethylene, maleic anhydride and methyl, ethyl, or butyl acrylates. Acrylates make the compound rubbery and, therefore, reportedly decrease flexural modulus. 

Properties Wh. powd., very mild char, odor sol. (g/100 g) 41.5 g in methylene chloride, 39.4 g in benzene, 33.2 g in styrene, 21.4 g in ethyl acetate m.w. 325 sp.gr. 1.18 bulk dens. 25 Ib/ff m.p. 101-105 C Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) > 10 g/kg, (dermal, rabbit) > 5 g/kg direct contact may cause eye or skin irritation TSCA listed Precaution Incompat. with strong oxidizing agents Hazardous Decomp. Prods. CO, CO2, NO,... 

Toxicoiogy LD50 (oral, rat) 7060 mg/kg skin/eye/respiratory irritant si. hazardous by ing., inh. nonpermeator by skin toxic to reproductive system (ethyl alcohol) mod. toxic and narcotic in high cones. experimental tumorigen TSCA listed Precaution DOT Flamm. liq. si. reactive to reactive with oxidizing agents Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Combustion CO, CO2... 

Synonyms Butanedioic acid, sulfo-, mono [2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl) amino] ethyl] ester, disodium salt Disodium (Z)- [2-[(1-oxooctadec-9-enyl) amino] ethyl] 2-sulfonatosuccinate Sulfobutanedioic acid, mono [2-[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl) amino] ethyl] ester, disodium salt Definition Disodium salt of a substituted ethanolamide half ester of sulfosuccinic acid Empirical C24H43NO8S 2Na Properties Anionic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Solubilizer, thickener, surfactant, emollient, skin conditioner, hair conditioner in cosmetics foaming agent in toiletries, hand dishwashing detergents, and personal care prods. 

Synonyms Ethyl hex-3-enoate Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Flavoring agent for foods, beverages fragrance... 

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