Ethyl carbamate , metabolic activation

Miller JA, Miller EC. The metabolic activation and nucleic acid adducts of naturally-occurring carcinogens recent results with ethyl carbamate and the spice flavors safrole and estragole. Br J Cancer 1983 48(1) 1-15. 

Second-generation juvenoids incorporate more substantial structural departures from neotenin and are more resistant to metabolic and environmental degradation. Epiphenonane, 2-ethyl-3-[3-ethyl-5-(4-ethylphenoxy)-pent-3-en-yl] 2-methyloxirane (131), has a rat oral LD50 of 4000 mg/kg. It and similar juvenoids are used in China and Japan to prolong the last larval instar of the silkworm so that silk production is increased 10—15%. Fenoxycarb, ethyl [2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl] carbamate (132) (mp 53°C, vp 0.0078 mPa at 20°C), is soluble in water to 6 mg/L. The rat oral LD50 is >16,800 mg/kg. Fenoxycarb has a wide spectrum of activity, interfering with the developmental processes of fleas, cockroaches, and ants. 

Although the role of cytochrome P450 in the metabolism of carbofuran has not been explored in any system, the metabolism of ethyl carbamate by P450 2EI has been reported by Lee elal. (1998). The study implicated cytochrome P450 2EI and carboxylcsterase enzyme in the metabolism of carcinogens such as ethyl carbamate in the murine liver microsomal system. The fish taken from a lake in Newfoundland with a history of hydrocarbon pollution showed increased AHH activity (Payne and Penrose, 1975). Thus, many workers have studied the EROD activity of fish in laboratory conditions or naturally exposed samples as a molecular biomarker for aquatic pollution. These studies are reviewed by Whyte etal. (2000) and Goldfarb el al. (1998), In addition, EROD activity in carbofuran-lreated fish has been measured in laboratory conditions. 

K. F. Thomsen, F. Strpm, B. V. Sforzini, M. Begtrup, N. Mprk, Evaluation of Phenyl Carbamates of Ethyl Diamines as Cyclization-Activated Prodrug Forms for Protecting Phenols against First-Pass Metabolism , Int. J. Pharm. 1994, 112, 143-152. 

Thomsen, K.F. Strom, F. Sforzini, B.V. Begtrup, M. Mprk, N. Evaluation of phenyl carbamates of ethyl diamines as cyclization-activated prodrug forms for protecting phenols against first-pass metabolism. Int. J. Pharma. 1994, 112, 143-152. 

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