Ethnopharmacology traditional medicine

Tseng, W., Overview Culture and Psychopathology, Culture and Psychopathology A Guide to Clinical Assessment, 1997, Brunner/Mazel, Inc. Vogel, H. Similarities Between Various Systems of Traditional Medicine Considerations for the Future of Ethnopharmacology, J. Ethnopharm., 1991, 35. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, 1994, Ed. M. First, 1993, APA Press. 

In old literature on traditional medicine or ethnopharmacology the term immunos-timulant cannot be found. Hence, other criteria have to be used for selection. 

Wake G, Court J, Pickering A, Lewis R, Wilkins R and Perry E (2000). CNS acetylcholine receptor activity in European medicinal plants traditionally used to improve failing memory. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69, 105-114. 

Traditionally, lead compounds have been discovered in one of two ways. The hrst is one of trial and error. This is the way many plant and animal products and minerals have been found to be effective in the treatment of some medical disorder. For example, no one knows when the hrst person learned that chewing on the bark of the willow tree [Salix alba) helped relieve pain and reduce fever, but willow bark has been used in many cultures for untold centuries for just that purpose. Today we know that the active ingredient in willow bark is a derivative of salicylic acid (CgH4(OH)COOH), which today is sold commercially as aspirin or one of its analogs. Drug researchers continue to rely heavily on the study of folk medicines—a science known as ethnopharmacology—for the discovery of new plant and animal products that may have medical applications in the modern world. Indeed, scientists have discovered that the medical... 

Ayyanar, M. and Ignacimuthu, S. (2005). Traditional knowledge ofKani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelvelli hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 102 246 - 255. Dhar, U., Manjkhola, S., Joshi, M., Bhatt, A., Bisht, A.K. and Joshi, M. (2002). Current status and future strategy for development of medicinal plants sector in Uttaranchal, India. 

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