Ethnic factors hypertension

Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race/ ethnicity, and heredity. Ischemic stroke risk is increased in those greater than 55 years of age, in men, and in African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asian-Pacific Islanders. It is also increased in those with a family history of stroke. Modifiable risk factors include a number of treatable disease states and lifestyle factors that can greatly influence overall stroke risk. Hypertension is... 

Susceptibility faaors increase the risk for kidney disease but do not directly cause kidney damage. SusceptibEity factors include advanced age, reduced kidney mass and low birth weight, racial or ethnic minority, family history, low income or education, systemic inflammation, and dyslipidemia. Initiation factors initiate kidney damage and can be modified by drug therapy. Initiation factors include diabetes meUitus, hypertension, autoimmune disease, polycystic kidney disease, and drug toxicity. 

The mechanism of placebo response in blood pressure is not well understood. In a study of 1292 stage I and stage II hypertensive females, 30% responded to placebo erapy. Response varied with age and ethnicity. The response in elderly Caucasian females was greater than in other age and race subgroups, 38% versus 23-27%, respect vely. Factors such as natural history of the disease and regression to the mean have been suggested as the basis for this placebo response. 

A variety of factors can affect a person s sensitivity and tolerance to heat, such as age, gender, ethnicity, body dimensions, weight, physical fitness, acclimatization, metabolism, alcohol or drug use, and medical conditions such as obesity, hypertension, and history or predisposition to heat injuries. Individuals with degenerative cardiovascular system diseases, diabetes, and/or malnutrition are at increased risk when exposed to heat and when stress is placed on the cardiovascular system (Ogawa 1998 NIOSH 1986). 

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