Ethanolamines toxicity

More complex hydrophilic moieties are sometimes encountered, however, such as mono-, di- and tri-ethanolamine and the corresponding isopropanolamines in anionic surfactants. Morpholine, once employed, is now obsolete owing to its toxicity. 

Vesicants produce acidic products including hydrogen chloride (HC1), hydrogen bromide (HBr), or hydrogen fluoride (HF), and ethanolamines, thioglycols, or thioethers when hydrolyzed. Arsenous oxide decomposition products from HL (C03-A010) are toxic and may also have vesicant properties. HL will also produce acetylene at higher pH. 

Copper sulfate is used to control protozoan fish ectoparasites including Ichthyopthirius, Tri-chodina, and Costia. The effectiveness of the treatment diminishes with increasing total alkalinity and total hardness of the water (Straus and Tucker 1993). Copper compounds now used to control protozoan parasites of cultured red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) include copper sulfate, copper sulfate plus citric acid, and chelated copper compounds (forms of copper bound by sequestering agents, such as ethanolamine) chelated copper compounds are considered less toxic to fish than copper sulfate and at least as effective in controlling parasites (Peppard etal. 1991). 

Hellwig J, Liberacki AB Evaluation of the pre-, peri-, and postnatal toxicity of mono-ethanolamine in rats following repeated oral administration during organogenesis. Fundam Appl Toxicol 40 158-162, 1997... 

Jones, S.T. Kennedy, C.T.C. (1988) Contact dermatitis from triethanolamine inE45 cream (Short communication). Contact Derm., 19, 230 Kenyon, E.M., Hammond, S.K., Shatkin, J., Woskie, S.R., Hallock, M.F. Smith, T.J. (1993) Ethanolamine exposures of workers using machining fluids in the automotive parts manufacturing industry. Appl. occup. environ. Hyg., 8, 655-661 Kindsvatter, VH. (1940) Acute and chronic toxicity of triethanolamine. J. ind. Hyg. Toxicol, 22, 206-212... 

Mono- and triethanolamine are miscible with water or alcohol in all proportions and is only slightly soluble in ether. Diethanolamine will dissolve in water, is very soluble in alcohol, and is only slightly soluble in ether. All of the compounds are clear, viscous liquids at standard conditions and white crystalline solids when frozen. They have a relatively low toxicity. In early processes, the ethanolamines were manufactured by reacting ethylene chlorohydrin (C1CH2CH20H) with ammonia (NH3). Current processes... 

Lipids also can be beneficial for cells in culture, since some substances absorbed by the cells need to be solubilized in lipids, or in some cases the toxicity of compounds may be reduced by complexation with lipids. The absence of essential lipids such as linoleic acid, lecithin, cholesterol, ethanolamine, or phosphorylcholine can result in the decrease of cloning efficiency and in reduction in the size of colonies, as shown for insect cells by Echalier (1997). However, one of the difficulties in supplying lipids at reasonable concentrations is their low solubility. To circumvent this limitation, lipids can be emulsified with complexing agents such as Pluronic F68 or cyclodextrin (Maiorella et al., 1998). 

Ethanolamine. Ethanolamine (NH2CH2CH20H)-based anisotropic etchants have been developed so as to replace the toxic EDP etchant. ° Linde and Austin reported a functional formula of 100 g gallic acid -1- 305 ml ethanolamine -1- 140ml water... 

No reports of significant acute toxic responses to the ethanolamines were noted however, it would be expected that severe skin and eye irritation could result from contact with concentrated monoethanolamine and, to a much lesser extent, diethanolamine. 

The toxicity of the ethanolamines has been extensively studied in aquatic species. LC50 values for... 

Pronko PS, Satanovskaya VI, Gorenstein BI, Kuzmich AB, Pyzhik TN. 2002. Effect of pyruvate, threonine and phospho-ethanolamine on blood endogenous acetaldehyde metabolism in rats with toxic liver injury. Voprosy Meditsinskoi Khimii 48 278-85... 

The article by Sutherland also mentions the use in Russia of a combination of neutralization and incineration. The nerve agents GB and GD, and also mustard agent, were reacted with ethanolamine, and the products of these reactions were subsequently incinerated. VX was reacted with a 1 1 mixture of ethylene glycol and orthophosphoric acid, again with the products sent for incineration. Some 300,000 kg of toxic substances were destroyed in a facility that was too small to be considered industrial-scale. 

Flamm and Pakhomov also describe the destruction of GB (sarin) and GD (soman) (Bechtel, 1996). The GB or GD is dissolved in industrial-grade ethanolamine containing about 20 percent water. The mixture is heated to 110°C for 1 hour at atmospheric pressure (Figure 5-3). The reaction thus breaks the P-F bond, which is what causes the high toxicity of the G compounds. The products from this reaction are added to calcium hydroxide and bitumen, then heated to about 200°C under reduced pressure for 1 hour. This treatment is expected to remove any last traces of GB and GD. Alcohols produced in the reactions and excess ethanolamine are distilled from the bitumenization mixture. The bitumen-salt mixture is drained from the reactor and allowed to solidify. About 5-7 kg of bitumen-salt product is produced for each kilogram of GB or GD destroyed. About 1 kg of distillate is... 

From another leguminous plant now classified in the Caesalpiniaceae, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, several alkaloids typified by norerythrostachamine (94) were isolated and their structures elucidated they occur as ethanolamine esters of diterpene acids, but readily rearrange to the corresponding amides [ 111J. These alkaloids are highly toxic and are responsible for cattle poisoning in the Darwin area. 

Amines are very toxic if ingested in great quantities, and their toxic effect is increased in the presence of alcohol. For this reason it is very important to perform the determination of amines in wine. The main amines, which are products of amino acid decarboxylation processes, are trypta mine, tyramine, and ethanolamine. The wine matrix is complex and requires a separation step in the sampling process, for which HPLC assures the best reliability. The sampling process also requires an extraction step before the separation step. 

---