Ethanol cultivation media

Fig. 2. Time profiles of Tc content in T. chinensis suspension cultures elicited with methyl jasmonate (MJA), 2-Hydroxyethoxyethyl jasmonate (HEEJA), 2-hydroxyethyl jasmonate (HEJA), D-Glucosyl jasmonate (GJA) and 2,3-dihydroxypropyl jasmonate (DHPJA). One hundred pAf of each elicitor was added to the cultures in IpL of ethanol per ImL of culture medium on day 7 of cultivation. Data are the means of three flasks and vertical bars show standard deviations.

Under anaerobic conditions, various pathways exist for pyravate metabolism which serve to re-oxidize the reduced hydrogen carriers formed during glycolysis. The ultimate acceptor builds up as a waste product in the culture medium. The end-products of the pathways are (1) CO, ATP, and acetate (2) COj and ethanol (3) and CO2 (4) COj and 2,3-butylene glycol (5) COj, Hj, acetone, ATP, and butanol (6) succinate and (7) lactate. The pathway that occurs depends on the microorganism cultivated and the culture. 

You are going to cultivate yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by using a 10 m -fermenter your company already owns. You want to find out the amount of ethanol the fermenter can produce. Therefore, a chemostat study was carried out and the Monod kinetic parameters for the microorganism grown in the glucose medium at 30°C, pH 4.8, were found to be Ks = 0.0025 g/L and /imax = 0.25 h-1. The ethanol yield (YP/S) is 0.44 (g/g) and cell yield (Yx/S) is 0.019 (g/g). The inlet substrate concentration is 50 g/L-... 

Both cell culture with a lipophilic extraction phase and with a polar extraction phase have been reported to be helpful for the accumulation and detection of secondary substances [7,8]. Plant cell cultures release lipophilic and volatile substances such as ethylene, ethanol, and acetaldehyde. The addition of a lipophilic phase to the culture medium can be used as a means of accumulating and detecting these substances. Maisch et al. [8] found that the addition of XAD-4 resin to Nicotiana tabacum cultures enhanced the production of phenolic secondary metabolites several times compared to the adsorbent-free control. Kim and Chang [9] reported in situ extraction for enhanced shikonin production by Lithospermum erythrorhizon. When n-hexadecane was added to the cultivation, higher specific shikonin productivity was obtained than that from the cultures of free cells without extraction. They also suggested that n-hexadecane addition at an early stage in calcium alginate immobilized cell cultures was effective for shikonin production. Most of the produced shikonin was dissolved in n-hexadecane, so it would reduce the costs for shikonin separation. 

The ethanol concentration in the medium of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivation can be monitored from its content in the gas phase by directly recording the current from a chemical MOS sensor [28]. The accuracy of such a measurement was significantly improved by using an electronic nose with five sensors in the array and recognizing the response pattern with ANN [29, 30]. The sensors were a combination of MOS and MOSFET sensors selected from a PCA loading plot. Data sets from three cultivations were used to train the ANN. When the trained net was applied on new cultivations the ethanol was predicted with a mean square error (RMSE) of 4.6% compared to the off-line determined ethanol (Fig. 6). With only one sensor the RMSE was 18%. 

The Duboisia myoporoides - D. leichhardtii hybrid (M-II-8-6), which was used for explants, is cultivated at the Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, Tsukuba, Japan. Leaves were dipped in 75% ethanol for 10 seconds, rinsed in sterilized water, surface-sterilized for 10 minutes in 2% sodium hypochlorite containing Tween 20 (1 drop per 40 ml) and then washed three times with sterilized water. Leaf segments (ca. 5x5 mm) were incubated on MS solid medium containing 1 mg/1 lAA and 3% sucrose in the dark at 25 "C. Within 3 weeks, adventitious roots developed. 

This study showed that the bacterial cellulose derived fix)m coconut and pineapple juices can be converted efficiently to bacterial cellulose by the supplementation of yeast extract and ethanol under static fermentation conditions at 30 °C. Bacterial celluloses produced from all strains are growth associated products. Coconut juice seems to be a better substrate than pineapple juice. In view of energy consumption, the productivity of BC on this medium is high, which makes the production costs lower than expected. It is also clear that different A. xylinum strains produce different BC content levels under the same inoculation volumes and under static cultivation conditions. These results suggest that bacterial cellulose pellicles of all strains appear to be easily applied to use in many applications such as food, paper, and textile industries, without requiring additional steps of decolorization and purification. Furthermore, the properties of cellulose, in tenns of crystallinity, high water-absorption capacity, and mechanical strength of the reported strains, have additional applications in cosmetics and medicine. 

Hansenula polymorpha (CBS 4732) was cultivated in a synthetic nutrient medium [113] with glucose, ethanol and methanol as substrates, respectively, in batch and continuous operations. The flotation was performed in batch as well as in continuous mode. A comparison of the performances of batch flotation with continuous flotation indicated that, in the latter, the C values are higher than in the former. For example, at C = 1.5 gl the cell concentration in the... 

Preparation 4r-l Candida strains may be cultivated in a nutritive medium containing assimilable carbon and nitrogen sources, essential mineral matter, trace elements and the like under aerobic conditions, and the medium may be constructed in a conventional manner. After the cultivation, insoluble substances are removed by filtration or centrifuging to prepare a concentrated solution of liquid enzyme, and a culture solution may be subsequently evaporated or concentrated by reverse osmosis. The concentrated solution may be precipitated in a solvent capable of being mixed with salts or water, for example ethanol, or may be dried in a conventional spray manner to prepare a solid enzyme preparation. 

The above medium, as a broth, and supplemented with 10% (v/v) ethanol using NSFG, can be used for cultivation of isolates suspected to be Lactobacillus fructivorans (see 1.4.2). 

The presence of ethanol in the medium provokes significant modifications in membrane structure. It exerts a detergent effect by intercalating in the hydrophobic zone of the membrane, whose polarity increases as a result. The fluidity is increased and the proteins are denatured. In general, an increase in the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio is observed. In Oenococcus oeni, this ratio increases from 0.4 to 2.1, when bacteria are cultivated in the presence of 9% ethanol. The results are the same for the species Lactobacillus hilgardii whose straius, like Oenococcus oeni, are capable of growing better than other species in an alcoholic medium (Desens, 1989). 

Secondly, the homofermentative or heterofer-mentative character is determined. The unidentified strain is cultivated in a medium with glucose as the energy source. After cell growth, the metabolic products are characterized and measured. A release of CO2 manifests the heterofermentative character of the strain. This result is regularly confirmed by measuring acetic acid and ethanol concentrations. Their presence is also proof of a heterofermentative metabolism. Conversely, the exclusive formation of lactic acid attests to a homofermentative character. In culture conditions, facultative heterofermentative bacilli (for example, Lactobacillus plantarum) have a homofermentative metabolism with respect to glucose. 

It has long been known that a strain of 0. oeni isolated from a wine nndergoing malolactic fermentation, therefore capable of multiplying, then cultivated in a laboratory medium, loses its viability when re-inocnlated in wine. Many observations, both in the laboratory and in the winery, suggest the existence of adaptation phenomena that ensme the survival and growth of bacteria in these extreme conditions. Isolated cells cultivated in a laboratory medinm with wine added have a generally higher tolerance to low pH, SO2, ethanol and wine than isolated cells cultivated in the absence of wine (Table 6.1). 

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