Estonian oil shales

Table 1. Cumulative statistics on mined quantities and waste generated in the Estonian oil-shale industry ...

Power plants based on oil shale contribute 60% of Estonia s stationary energy, consuming up to 90% of the Estonian oil shale production. During the period 2001 -2002, 80.7 wt% of the oil shale production was consumed by AS... 

Paalme et al. (1990) studied the bulk deposition chemistry in the environment around the Estonian oil shale combustion area (Fig. 11 see also Kirso et al. 2002). Cations (i.e., calcium, potassium, sodium), anions (i.e., chloride, sulphate, nitrate), and - he x an e-e x t ractable PAHs were analysed in snow meltwater samples collected from 21 sampling stations in northeastern Estonia. It was found that the characteristic products of oil shale combustion, that is, Ca2+ and SC>4, accounted for over 92% of the major cations and 90% of the major anions in the snow. Correlation coefficients of r = 0.86 and 0.92 were noted for Ca2+ vs. SO - and Ca2+ vs. (SO2 - + 20 ), respectively. A high degree of correlation (r = 0.83) was also noted between Ca2+ vs. total PAHs in snow samples taken 150 km to the south of the thermal power plants. The deposition fluxes of Ca2+ and PAHs decreased with distance from the power plants. The average Ca2+ deposition flux 90 km... 

Adamson, A. Jostov, M. 2002. Estonian oil shale mining. Abstracts of the Symposium on Oil Shale, 18-21 November 2002, Tallinn, 11. 

Arro, H., Prikk, A., Pihu, T. 1998. Calculation of composition of Estonian oil shale and its combustion products on the basis of heating value. Oil Shale, 15, 329-340. 

Aunela, L., Hasanen, E. et al. 1995. Emissions from Estonian oil shale power plants. Oil Shale, 12, 165-177. 

Aunela, L., Frandsen, F. Hasanen, E. 1998. Trace metal emission from the Estonian oil shale fired power plant. Fuel Processing Technology, 57, 1-24. 

Hanni, R. 1996. Energy and valuable material byproduct from firing Estonian oil shale. Waste Management, 16, 97-99. 

Koel, M. 1999. Estonian Oil Shale. Review compiled for Oil Shale Journal (Tallinn). World Wide Web Address http //www.kiij.ee/oilshale/Est-OS.htm. 

Opik, I. 1998. Future of Estonian oil shale energy sector. Oil Shale, 16, 295-301. 

Paat, A. Traksmaa, R. 2002. Investigation of the mineral composition of Estonian oil-shale ash using X-ray diffractometry. Oil Shale, 19, 373-386. 

Similarly, the wet, aqueous processes can also be used to improve the stability of ashes from waste or solid fuel combustion. In some cases, such as Estonian oil shale the ashes bind significant amounts of C02, often allowing for simple and cheap processing. On the other hand, the amounts of solid material will not be such that an effect noticeable from a CCS point of view is achieved, while at the same time the produced carbonate cannot be qualified as a valuable product. 

Fig. 4-117 Non-isothermal P3Tolysis of Estonian Oil Shale (Sample E) Heating Rate 5 K/min...

M. Koel and E. Bondar, Supercritical fluid extraction of Estonian oil shale... 

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