Shale power

Environmental impact. Contamination by fallout from downwind transport of emitted particulate matter from the oil-shale power stations has been demonstrated throughout northeastern Estonia, as far as c. 140 km northwards to Finland and as far as 100 km to the southwest within Estonia (Jalkanen et aL 2000). Indeed, Teinemaa et al. (2002) and Jalkanen et aL (2000) examined the morphology of particles in power station fly ash (see Fig. 9) and found similarities in structure, size and chemical composition of particles collected from moss surfaces in northeastern Estonia and southeastern Finland. Although the emissions of SO2 and NOx from the BPP and EPP are generally similar to, or lower than, those from conventional... 

Aunela, L., Hasanen, E. et al. 1995. Emissions from Estonian oil shale power plants. Oil Shale, 12, 165-177. 

Stratigraphy of the Fayetteville Shale. (Adapted from HIE, Fayetteville Shale Power. HUlwood International Energy, Dallas, T)C 2007.)... 

Other Applications. The use of lower frequency energy (rf) has been explored for in heating of oil shale (qv) (209). Other power... 

Direct Combustion. Direct combustion of oil shale has been used to produce heat for power generation at specific sites and is being carried out in Estonia and Israel. 

In Estonia, most of the rich oil shale, 209 L/1 kukersite, is burned as a soHd fuel to produce electric power (37). The kukersite, although technically an oil shale, is actually similar to a high ash, low grade coal (qv) ideally suited for this use. 

In the remote Negev desert region of Israel, oil shale is being burned in a duidized-bed combustor to supply process heat and produce electric power. Unlike the Estonian kukersite, this oil shale is lean, about 63 L/1, but is being mined to access an undedying phosphate deposit (26). 

Oil Shale Operations in Israel. Oil shale, the only fossil fuel resource in Israel, is being used to generate electric power. The oil shale feed stock, typical of the low grade IsraeH oil shale (see Table 2), is situated in a deposit overlying phosphate ore. The oil shale operations are being carried out because the oil shale has to be mined to obtain the phosphate ore. 

A circulating fluidized-bed boiler, using raw shale oil as a feedstock, is being used to supply process heat for the phosphate operations and to operate a 100-MW power plant. Scale-up in the 1990s should increase the electric power generation to 1000 MW (71). 

The theoretieal fraeture parameters in (8.22) and (8.23), based on a model assuming an inherent power law fracture flaw distribution and a constant fracture growth velocity, can be determined with the strain rate dependent fracture data in Fig. 8.11 (Grady and Kipp, 1980). Using the fracture data for oil shale provides a value of m = 8 and a fracture stress dependence on strain... 

Elevated levels of molybdenum in nonbiological materials have been reported near certain mines, power plants, and oil shale deposits, as well as in various sewage sludges, fertilizers, and agricultural drainwaters (Table 30.1). Molybdenum is concentrated in coal and petroleum, and the burning of these fuels contributes heavily to atmospheric molybdenum (King et al. 1973). Combustion of fossil fuels contributes about 5000 metric tons of molybdenum annually to the atmosphere atmospheric particulates contain about 0.001 pg Mo/m3 air (Goyer 1986). 

Balance results from Mastery. Mastery results from Knowledge and Practice. You have been told the truth. Make U your own. Realize what you are. Practice the methods of the Formulas. Then, and then only, will you enter into that conscious ness of Peace, Poise and Power, which cornea to him who hath acquired Bahtier.. As we have said in the Arcane Teaching Oh, Neophyte, in the Centre of Life shale thou indeed find Poise and Power. In the Heart of the Storm shall thou find Peace. In the Centre of the Cosmos shall thou find THYSELF. He who Ends the Centre of Himself, finds the CentTe of the Cosmos, For, at the last, they ire ONE ... 

Ash waste from combustion of oil shale is used in the cement industry, but other applications analogous to those found for ash from coal-fired power plants should be investigated (Hanni 1996 Manz 1999 Hall Livingstone 2002 Swanepoel Strydom 2002 Woolard et al. 2002). 

Colorado during the period 1980-1991, with an average yield of 110 L shale oil per tonne of exploitable oil shale (Dyni 2000). The facility has a capacity of 1 600 000 L shale oil per day (10000 barrels/d Press Siever 1997). However, most of the oil shale mined in the world today is utilized as feedstock for production of energy, both thermal and electrical. In such power plants, the temperatures reach up to 1500 °C. As an example, Estonian energy production accounts for about 70% of the world s oil shale consumption (Ots Uus 2002). 

Associated with their potential as an energy resource, the use of oil shales in power production and retorting poses environmental challenges. The waste products generated by the oil shale industry can be divided into the following categories ... 

Power plants based on oil shale contribute 60% of Estonia s stationary energy, consuming up to 90% of the Estonian oil shale production. During the period 2001 -2002, 80.7 wt% of the oil shale production was consumed by AS... 

Ash and slag from combustion. Owing to their high mineral content, combustion of oil shales results in vast quantities of ash (Table 1). Oil shale ash dumps form massive plateaux around the Estonian electric power stations near Narva (Fig. 4). The bulk of the ash waste is carried as slurry in pipes from the power stations to sedi-... 

Fig. 6. Sketch of boiler (K-3A) system at the Eesti power plant, showing locations of ash sampling. Samples from locations 10 and 11 were taken from the Balti power plant (modified from Paat Traksmaa 2002, fig. 1, p. 374). Furnace bottom (1) gas duct superheater (2), economizer (3), cyclone (4), electrostatic precipitators (ESP) prechamber (5), field I (6), field II (7), field III (8), field IV (9), flue cyclone (10) and cloth filter (11). ( " Oil Shale.)...

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