Nomenclature esters

The IUPAC rules name esters as alkyl alkanoates. That is, the portion of the ester derived from the alcohol is named as an alkyl group. The portion of the ester that is derived from the carboxylic acid is named as the conjugate base of that acid. It is easy to distinguish these parts. The half derived from the carboxylic acid has the carbonyl group. Pentyl ethanoate, or pentyl acetate, is one ester used as artificial banana flavoring. Figure 11.51 shows three ester nomenclature examples. 

As mentioned in Section 19-9, esters, RCOR, constitute perhaps the most important class of carboxylic derivatives. They are particularly widespread in nature, contributing especially to the pleasant flavors and aromas of many flowers and fruits. Esters undergo typical carbonyl chemistry but with reduced reactivity relative to that of either acyl halides or carboxylic anhydrides. This section begins with a discussion of ester nomenclature. Descriptions follow of the transformations that esters undergo with a variety of nucleophilic reagents. 

Nomenclature. The compound on which the enzyme acts is known as the substrate. The name of the enzyme is now usually obtained by adding the termination ase to the name of the substrate. Thus an enzyme which hydrolyses an ester is known as an esterase. Nevertheless the older names of many enzymes still persist owing to their early disco ieiy. In some cases the name of the enzyme indicates the reaction w hich it catalyses, e.g. oxidase. 

This chapter concerns the preparation and reactions of acyl chlorides acid anhydrides thioesters esters amides and nitriles These com pounds are generally classified as carboxylic acid derivatives and their nomenclature is based on that of carboxylic acids... 

Esters. Esters of inorganic acids are named as the salts for example, ( 113)2804, dimethyl sulfate. However, if it is desired to specify the constitution of the compound, the nomenclature for coordination compounds should be used. 

This article discusses the benzenepolycarboxyhc acids, their anhydrides, and their esters. Table 1 includes lUPAC nomenclature, common names, and CAS Registry Numbers for the benzenepolycarboxyhc acids. These acids and anhydrides are highly stable. The carboxyUc acid groups provide from two to six sites for reaction for a wide variety of products, mostly polymers and plasticizers. 

The general formula for boric acid esters is B(OR)2. The lower molecular weight esters such as methyl, ethyl, and phenyl are most commonly referred to as methyl borate [121 -43-7] ethyl borate [130-46-9J, and phenyl borate [1095-03-0] respectively. Some of the most common boric acid esters used in industrial appHcations are Hsted in Table 1. The nomenclature in the boric acid ester series can be confusing. The lUPAC committee on boron chemistry has suggested using trialkoxy- and triaryloxyboranes (5) for compounds usually referred to as boric acid esters, trialkyl (or aryl) borates, trialkyl (or aryl) orthoborates, alkyl (or aryl) borates, alkyl (or aryl) orthoborates, and in the older Hterature as boron alkoxides and aryloxides. CycHc boric acid esters, which are trimeric derivatives of metaboric acid (HBO2), are known as boroxines (1). 

Azabicyclo[4.2.l]nona-2,4-diene-9-carboxylic acid, 7-0X0-ethyl ester synthesis, 7, 524 Azabi cyclononadienones synthesis, 7, 524 1 -Azabi cyclo[5.2.0]nonane nomenclature, 7, 342... 

Penicillin V—see Penicillin, phenoxymethyl-, 7, 300 Penicilloate, benzyl-, 7, 303 Penicilloate, D-a-benzyl-a-methyl ester, 7, 303 Penillamine, benzyl-, 7, 303 Penillic acid, benzyl-, 7, 303 Penilloaldehyde, benzyl-, 7, 303 Penilloic acid, benzyl-, 7, 303 Penillonic acid, benzyl-methyl ester, 7, 303 1,2,3,4,6-Pentaazaindene nomenclature, 1, 18 Pentadeca-5,10-dienols synthesis, 1, 428 Pentadienol, tetrachloro-2H-pyran synthesis from, 3, 740 Pentadienonitrile, 5-(l,2-benzoselenazol-3-yl)-X-ray diffraction, 6, 334 Penta-2,4-dienonitrile, 5-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-thienyl)-... 

At the end of this time the crystalline precipitate which had formed was filtered off with suction, washed with diethyl ether, and dried in a vacuum desiccator. The product comprised essentially the potassium enolate of ethyl fluoromalonaldehydate (alternative nomenclature, the potassium salt of fluoromalonaldehydic acid ethyl ester). 

Although a polyfunctional organic molecule might contain several different functional groups, we must choose just one suffix for nomenclature purposes. It s not correct to use two suffixes. Thus, keto ester 1 must be named either as a ketone with an -one suffix or as an ester with an -oate suffix but can t be named as an -onoate. Similarly, amino alcohol 2 must be named either as an alcohol (-0/) or as an amine (-amine) but can t be named as an -olamine or -anritiol. 

Ortho esters, in synthesis of symmetrical trimethine thiazolocyanines, 54 Oxazolone, for neutrocyanines, 27 Oxidation potentials, of dyes, 75 of mesosubstituted dyes, in relation with absorption, 77 of polymethine dyes, 72 Oxidoreduction, relation between sensitizers, and silver halides, 78 4-Oxo-disubstituted 2-aminoselenazoles, table of products, 262 Oxonols, nomenclature of, 26 in synthesis of dimethine neutrocyanines, 62... 

The prefix terms used for phosphate esters in organic nomenclature ([14], p.65) are 0-phosphono- and O-phosphonato- for the groups (H0)2P(0)- and (0 )2P(0)-respectively, bonded to oxygen. 

It is of course possible to name individual radialenes according to IUPAC rules [e.g. per(methylene)cycloalkanes 1-4]. However, the descriptiveness of the term radialene may some day pave its way into the official nomenclature. For substituted [ ]radialenes we have proposed1 a pragmatic numbering system, in which an inner ring is numbered first, followed by an outer ring . The numbering of substituents should follow IUPAC rules. Thus, the hydrocarbon 7 is 4,4-diethyl-5,5-dimethyl[3]radialene, the ester 8 should be called 7-methoxycarbonyl-5,5-dimethyl[4]radialene, the nitrile 9 which can exist in four diastereomeric forms is (6Z,7Z)-6-cyano-5,5,7-trimethyl[4]radialene and the difunctionalized [5]radialene 10 is (7 ,6Z)-7-bromo-6-formyl-6-methyl[5]radialene. 

According to the IUPAC-IUB Enzyme Nomenclature,11 pectinesterase belongs to the carboxyl ester hydrolases (EC 3.1.1.11) and has the systematic name pectin pectyl-hydrolase. The literature also contains the expressions pectin methylesterase, pectin demethoxylase, and pectin methoxylase for the same enzyme. The old name pectase,... 

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