Esters flammable range

There are seven hydrocarbon-derivative families whose primary hazard is flammability (see Chapter 2, Figure 2.63) alkyl halide, amine, ether, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, and ester. The alkyl halides, amines, and ethers are nonpolar. The ethers, alcohols, and aldehydes are polar and have wide flammable ranges. Some organic acids are flammable inorganic acids do not bum. However, flammability is not the primary hazard of most organic acids. They will be discussed in detail in Chapter 10. 

Vinyl acetate is an ester hydrocarbon-derivative compound. It is a colorless liqnid that has been stabilized with an inhibitor. Although it is a polar compound becanse of the carbonyl structure, it is only shghtly miscible in water. Vinyl acetate is a highly flammable hquid, with a flammable range of 2.6 to 13.4% in air, and it... 

Worker safety issues are important when handling any organic solvent. Written procedures that follow the MSDS guidelines are recommended for all workers who handle any of the ester solvents. Workers must remember that all of the esters have flash points as listed in the physical property tables. The vapors which are heavier than air can travel considerable distance to an ignition source and flashback. The esters also create a special fire hazard because the solvents float on water. The use of carbon dioxide or dry chemical is recommended for small fires and alcohol-aqueous film-forming foam or water fog for large fires. Water may be ineffective but can be used to cool fire-exposed structures and vessels. All of the solvents have a limited flammability range... 

Flammable Range Animal and Vegetable Oils Fire-Extingnishing Agents Flydrocarbons Flydrocarbon Derivatives Alkyl Halide Amines Ethers Alcohol Isomers Ketone Aldehyde Esters... 

Reduction of polymer flammability is of broad interest for applications ranging from plastics to textiles. For polyesters, given their inherent instability towards water at elevated temperatures, and the high temperatures of manufacture, many classes of flame-retardant (FR) agents, including most halogen-containing materials, are impractical. Phosphate esters, capable of incorporation into the polymer backbone, were pioneered by Hoechst AG, and continue to be the materials of choice [84, 85],... 

Myers et al. reported that partially dehydrated APB is an effective intumescent flame retardant in thermoplastic polyurethane.77 APB at 5-10 phr loading in TPU can provide 7- to 10-fold improvement in burn-through test. It is believed that in the temperature range of 230°C-450°C, the dehydrated APB and its released boric oxide/boric acid may react with the diol and/or isocyanate, the decomposed fragments from TPU, to produce a highly cross-linked borate ester and possibly boron-nitrogen polymer that can reduce the rate of formation of flammable volatiles and result in intumescent char. 

Depending on the rubber, the solvent can either be petroleum hydrocarbon of differing boiling ranges, aromatic hydrocarbon - usually toluene - or oxygenated solvents snch as ketones or esters. If non-flammability is required, then chlorinated solvents are nsed. See also Rubber-based adhesives. 

Poly(ester ester)s have better heat, light and oil resistance and lower flammability than poly(ether ester)s. They are inferior in other properties, such as hydrolytic stability, low temperature behavior, load bearing and heat-distortion temperature. Poly(ester ester)s exhibit broader melting range, lower rate of crystallization, higher melt viscosity at low shear rates, as well as inferior melt stability and flex life [9]. 

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