Fistula esophageal

Birth defects associated with the nse of thalidomide during the first trimester inclnde phocomelia, dnodenal stenosis, esophageal fistula, neural tube defects, microphthalmia, deformities of the pinnae of the ears, and mid-line hemangiomas (118). A simple nevus extending from the forehead over the nose down to the upper Up is a characteristic feature. Before the introduction of thalidomide, phocomelia was a rare malformation (119). 

Uncommon complications include perforation and aortic-esophageal fistula formation. 

ALA, Aminolevulinic acid ALT, aspartate aminotransferase HpD, hematoporphyrin derivative mTHPC, 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin SCC, Squamous cell carcinoma TOP, tracheo esophageal fistula Tl, cancer involving the mucosa and/or submucosa T2, cancer invading into muscularis propria but not through this layer. Indicates number of tumors. 

Benjamin B (1981) Endoscopy in esophageal atresia and tra-cheo-esophageal fistula. Ann Otol Rhinol 90 376-382... 

KappeLman MM, Dorst J, Haller JA et al (1969) H-type tra-cheo-esophageal fistula. Diagnostic and operative management. Am J Dis Child 118 568-575 Karasick S, Lev-Toaff AS (1995) Esophageal strictures findings on barium radiographs. AJR Am J Roentgenol 165 561-565... 

H-type tradieo-esophageal fistula. The differential diagnosis for the double-bubble should include duodenal stenosis and annular pancreas (Rathaus et al. 1992 Poki et al. 2005). 

Rare complications as have been reported in literature are aortic and bronchial necrosis [58], bronchial stenosis [59], unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis [60], pulmonary infarction (especially in patients who have suffered pulmonary artery embolism), left main bronchial-esophageal fistula [61], and non-target embolization (colon, coronary and cerebral circulation) [62]. Especially the newer spherical embolic materials (tris-acryl gelatin) can traverse from the bronchial into the pulmonary circulation, and then through unoccluded pulmonary arteriovenous malformations into the systemic circulation [41]. 

Munk PL, Morris DC, Nelems B (1990) Left main bronchial-esophageal fistula a complication of bronchial artery embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 13 95-97... 

Morgan RA, Ellul JPM, Denton ERE, et al. (1997) Malignant esophageal fistulas and perforations management with plastic-covered metallic endoprostheses. Radiology 204 527-532... 

---