Escherichia succinic acid enzymes

L Stols, G Kulkarni, BG Harris, MI Donnelly. Expression of Ascaris suum malic enzyme in a mutant Escherichia coli allows production of succinic acid from glucose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 63-65 153-158, 1997. 

Oxyrase.. We must also consider the Oxyrase svstem for o.xvgen removal. This is presently derived from Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtil is, but could be derived from other sources too, such as various yeasts (J. Copeland, Oxyrase Inc., personal communication), making the system potentially suitable for use in foods. Because of the diversity of enzymes in this system, the presence of such substrates as lactic acid, succinic acid, formic acid, or a-glveerophosphate, tound in virtually any biological tissue, can effect deoxygenation and attendant stabilization or restriction on 1 he growth of aerobic oiganisms. 

Early experiments concerned the enzymatic hydrogenation of fumaric acid to succinic acid, catalyzed by either yeast 24,55 or enzyme extracts from yeast cells56. Much later, strains of Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes and Aerobacter cloacae were shown to have the same ability 57,58. An interesting mixed culture fermentation has been developed, where the fungus Rhizopus chinensis produces fumaric acid from glucose and a selected E. coli converts the previously formed fumaric acid into succinic acid58. 

Hong SH, Lee SY. (2001). Metabolic flux analysis for succinic acid production by recombinant Escherichia coli with amphfied malic enzyme activity. Biotechnol Bioeng, 74, 89-95. 

Liang L, Liu R,Wang G, Gou D, Ma J, Chen K, et al. Regulation of NAD (H) pool and NADH/ NAD ratio by overexpression of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase for succinic acid production in Escherichia coli NZNlll. Enzyme Microbiol Technol 2012 51 286-93. 

SteinbUchel A, Schmack G (1995) Large-scale production of poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) by fermentation of Chromobacterium violaceum, processing, and characterization of the homopolyester. J Environ Polym Degrad 3 243-258 Stols L, Donnelly MI (1997) Production of succinic acid through overexpression of NAD -dependent malic enzyme in an Escherichia coli mutant. Appl Env Microbiol 63 2695-2701... 

Kim DY, Yim SC, Lee PC, Lee WG, Lee SY, Chang HN (2004b) Batch and continuous fermentation of succinic acid from wood hydrolysate by Mannheimia succiniciproducens MBEL55E. Enzyme Microb Technol 35 648-653 Kim P, Laivenieks M, Vieille C, Zeikus JG (2004c) Effect of overexpressirai of Actinobacillus succinogenes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase on succinate productirai in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 1238-1241... 

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