Erbium states

The same color variety is not typical with inorganic insertion/extraction materials blue is a common transmitted color. However, rare-earth diphthalocyanine complexes have been discussed, and these exhibit a wide variety of colors as a function of potential (73—75). Lutetium diphthalocyanine [12369-74-3] has been studied the most. It is an ion-insertion/extraction material that does not fit into any one of the groups herein but has been classed with the organics in reviews. Films of this complex, and also erbium diphthalocyanine [11060-87-0] have been prepared successfiiUy by vacuum sublimation and even embodied in soHd-state cells (76,77). 

We have briefly encountered the solid-state fluoride electrode, which has a fully nemstian response down to c. 10 mol dm . The fluoride electrode is iiiunersed in a test solution of fluoride ion (usually aqueous), and the emf is then determined. At its heart is a single crystal of lanthanum fluoride doped with erbium fluoride, (see Figure 3.10). Like the pH electrode, a full fluoride electrode also contains a small reference electrode, meaning that a fluoride electrode is in reality a cell. The fluoride electrode does not suffer from interference from CP, so an AgCl Ag reference is the normal choice owing to its convenience and compact size. 

Erbium has a +3 oxidation state that easily combines with the halogens and oxygen. The X here can be used to represent the hahde ion combining with the metaUic ion of erbium, as follows ... 

Johnson et al. (55) observed energy transfer from erbium to thulium and from erbium to holmium ions in crystals. They were able to obtain substantial decreases in laser thresholds because of this energy migration. The fluorescent lifetime of the 3//4 state of thulium in CaMo04 containing 0.75 atomic per cent erbium and 0.5 atomic per cent thulium as inferred from the time delay before the onset of laser oscillation is 900 /xsec at both IT and 20°K. 

B. Evans, Assistant Chemist. Rare-Earth Information Center. Energy itnd Mineral Resources Research Institute. Iowa Slate University. Ames. I,A. http //www.cxternal.ameslab.gov/. Cerium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Holmium Lanthanum Lutetium Neodymium Rare-Earth Elements and Metals Praseodymium Samarium Scandium Terbium Thulium Ytterbium and Yttrium Daniel F. Farkas, Oregon State University. Corvallis. OR. http // oregonstate.edu/. Food Processing... 

Atomic number 69 Standard state Tm (c) Erbium Atomic weight 169.4... 

Figure 5. Temperature dependences of the ordered magnetic moments of nickel and erbium subsystems in Er2BaNi05 (open circles) calculated from the measured Er3+ ground-state splitting A(7) according to Eqs. (2) and (3) with mEr(0)=7.24 pB [7], A.=l.81 T/pB. Data from neutron scatterine measurements T9. 71 are also shown.

Er111 complexes with 1 2 stoichiometries are isolated by reaction of the sodium salts of the two oligothiophene ligands with erbium chloride under anhydrous conditions. No analytical data are reported to prove this stoichiometry, but both compounds Na[Er(83a)2] and Nas [Er(83b)2] display the 1.54 pm emission in anhydrous pyridine upon excitation at 353 nm. The emission intensity of [Er(83a)2r is comparable to the fluorescence intensity of [Er(8-Q)3] recorded under the same experimental conditions, while emission intensity of the pentathiophene complex is about half that. This is explained by the more efficient triplet state production in shorter oligothiophenes than in longer ones (Destri et al., 2003). 

Erbium is a chemical element. Its ground state electronic configuration is [Xe]4f12 6s2. Natural erbium is a mixture of six stable isotopes. Monazite... 

Roesky introduced bis(iminophosphorano)methanides to rare earth chemistry with a comprehensive study of trivalent rare earth bis(imino-phosphorano)methanide dichlorides by the synthesis of samarium (51), dysprosium (52), erbium (53), ytterbium (54), lutetium (55), and yttrium (56) derivatives.37 Complexes 51-56 were prepared from the corresponding anhydrous rare earth trichlorides and 7 in THF and 51 and 56 were further derivatised with two equivalents of potassium diphenylamide to produce 57 and 58, respectively.37 Additionally, treatment of 51, 53, and 56 with two equivalents of sodium cyclopentadienyl resulted in the formation of the bis(cyclopentadienly) derivatives 59-61.38 In 51-61 a metal-methanide bond was observed in the solid state, and for 56 this was shown to persist in solution by 13C NMR spectroscopy (8Ch 17.6 ppm, JYc = 3.6 2/py = 89.1 Hz). However, for 61 the NMR data suggested the yttrium-carbon bond was lost in solution. DFT calculations supported the presence of an yttrium-methanide contact in 56 with a calculated shared electron number (SEN) of 0.40 for the yttrium-carbon bond in a monomeric gas phase model of 56 for comparison, the yttrium-nitrogen bond SEN was calculated to be 0.41. 

Lasing action has been observed with other rare earths. The lower laser level in holmium is close to the ground state and can operate as a four level laser at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Erbium is similar to holmium. With other rare earths, alternate wavelengths can be obtained. Both Ho and Er operate in a region greater than 1.5 pm. Erbium can also... 

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