Equivalent surplus

The amount of HEU that becomes avadable for civdian use through the 1990s and into the twenty-first century depends on the number of warheads removed from nuclear arsenals and the amount of HEU in the weapons complex that is already outside of the warheads, ie, materials stockpdes and spent naval reactor fuels. An illustrative example of the potential amounts of weapons-grade materials released from dismanded nuclear weapons is presented in Table 7 (36). Using the data in Table 7, a reduction in the number of warheads in nuclear arsenals of the United States and Russia to 5000 warheads for each country results in a surplus of 1140 t of HEU. This inventory of HEU is equivalent to 205,200 t of natural uranium metal, or approximately 3.5 times the 1993 annual demand for natural uranium equivalent. 

The interest-rate equivalent of the cash discounts is 2 percent per month, since this discount could he obtained every month if payment were to he made at the beginning of the month rather than, as at present, at its end. Since the hills are settled monthly, the notional interest is paid monthly and should not he compounded. The discount is equivalent to 12 monthly simple-interest payments per year. Hence, from Eq. (9-31) the effective annual interest rate on discounts = (12)(0.02) = 0.24 = 24 percent. It would, therefore, he a good use of surplus cash to reduce this debt as quickly as possible. This would require cash equivalent to one-sixth of the annual hills due, or 16,700, to he avadahle. It can, therefore, he assumed that this level of liquidity is not available for capital projects, either as working capital to reduce the debt or for fixed-capital projects. Further, since the new project will not increase sales, it cannot generate further debt of this kind. Hence, this source is not available to capitahze the new project. 

Most foods of animal origin contain nicotinamide in the coenzyme form (high bioavialability). Liver and meat are particularly rich in highly bioavailable niacin. Most of the niacin in plants, however, occurs as nicotinic acid in overall lower concentrations and with a lower bioavailability. The major portion of niacin in cereals is found in the outer layer and its bioavailability is as low as 30% because it is bound to protein (niacytin). If the diet contains a surplus of L-tryptophan (Ttp), e.g., more than is necessary for protein synthesis, the liver can synthesize NAD from Trp. Niacin requirements are therefore declared as niacin equivalents (1 NE = 1 mg niacin = 60 mg Trp). 

Producer surplus as the equivalent concept for the producer. It is the difference between the price and the cost. 

To obtain hygienic combustion, it is essential to adjust the equivalence ratio 0 to an ideal value. This value characterises the ratio of the fuel quantity needed for a stoichiometric combustion to the fuel quantity supplied. In most of the common gas appliances, the air supply slightly exceeds the amount of air needed for complete stoichiometric combustion. The exact value for the surplus of air - often referred to as lambda (X) - depends on the configuration of the burner system in question. 

Mills that process rice may also generate process heat, that can be used for direct heating, steam generation, mechanical power or electrical power. For every five tons of rice milled, one ton of husks with an energy content equivalent to one ton of wood is left as residue. A rice mill in Louisiana has satisfied all its power needs since 1984 from an on-site rice-husk power plant. The plant sells surplus energy to the local utility. 

The key difference is that Department 1 produces 6,000 units of capital goods, but only 5,500 are required to replace constant capital in the two departments.3 Department 2 now requires 1,500 units of capital goods in order to replace the amount it uses up. But Department 1 continues to produce a surplus of 2,000 units of capital goods (equivalent to 1,000 variable capital plus 1,000 surplus value) over and above the 4,000 it needs to replace constant capital. Therefore, the mutual exchange that took place between the two departments under simple reproduction, where surplus consumption goods were swapped for surplus capital goods, is only partially fulfilled. Marx (1978 587) explains that in each period of production the surplus of capital goods produced by Department 1 remains to be realized .4... 

Unused wood residues as a by-product of current forest operations in Canada are estimated to be of the order of 0.14 billion cubic metres ( ). Apart from what is presently being utilized, there exists an estimated annual roundwood surplus of some 0.2 billion cubic metres. Associated with this surplus would be a further 0.2 billion cubic metres of wood residues. If this wood were easily accessible and available at reasonable cost, it could be converted to methanol or fuel oil equivalent to about two-thirds of Canada s annual petroleum products production. In Ontario, Hall and Lambert (3 ) have estimated available quantities of surplus wood in several categories. 

By far, the greatest surplus will exist in the mid-continent and Intermountain regions of the U.S., where the current area surplus will rise from about 2.8 million long tons per year of sulfur equivalent to about 7.2 million tons per year by 1990. These supply/ demand historical relationships and projections are summarized for each country and for North America in Table IV. 

Ukraine has good prospects to revive highly efficient agriculture, which is able to satisfy domestic needs in foodstuff and feedstock and also produce products for export. The big part of the territory is steppe. It is characterized by low atmospheric precipitation, frequent draughts, and other unfavorable phenomena. Due to that yields of the main crops are not stable. Potential yield of straw and stems may come to 35 mill t/year. Demand of agriculture is 13 mill t of straw a year, the surplus - about 20 mill t/year that is equivalent to 82 TWh - can be used for other purposes including energy production. 

The group of Harmata has explored a route that can be used to effectively couple aryl chlorides with methylphenylsulfoximines [100]. Using palladium acetate and rac-binap with a large excess of aryl chlorides as coupling partners and cesium carbonate as the base, yields of 10-94% were attained after one or two 1.5-hour irradiation periods at 135 °C. Switching to an aryl tri-flate, and using a surplus of the sulfoximines (five equivalents) furnished an impressive 94% yield (Scheme 32). 

This describes the situation where oxygen is lost from the crystal, and the surplus electrons, two per lost oxygen, reside on separate metal atoms in the crystal. In formal ionic terms, two M + cations are transformed to M+ cations. In semiconductor terms, two electrons are trapped on separate M + cations. Chemically this process may be considered as equivalent to doping of MO with M2O. The law of mass action, applied in its simplest form with concentrations instead of activities, in view of the supposed noninteraction of the defects, then gives an expression for the equilibrium constant, (9) ... 

For the equivalence of production of relative surplus-value and the specifically capitalist mcxle of production, see Capital f, p. 510. For the equivalence of real subsumption of labour under capital and the specifically capitalist mode of production, see Capital t. p. 738 and Zur Kritik(i 6i 6)>. p. 2145. The equivalence of formjd subsumption and production of absolute surplus-value is asserted in Zur Kritik p, 2130 and in Resu/ls of lltt... 

The overall objective of the TAFV model is to assess the competitive market outcome over time, with and without possible new policy initiatives. Rather than taking fuel and vehicle prices and penetration rates as an input, they are determined from market conditions. Operationally, this is equivalent to maximizing consumer and producer surplus, or well-being, from transportation services provided by light duty vehicles, essentially... 

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