Equivalent Simple Interest Rate

Since the time to maturity for this security is less than 182 days, the equivalent lx)nd yield is equal to the simple interest rate, which is equal to... 

The interest-rate equivalent of the cash discounts is 2 percent per month, since this discount could he obtained every month if payment were to he made at the beginning of the month rather than, as at present, at its end. Since the hills are settled monthly, the notional interest is paid monthly and should not he compounded. The discount is equivalent to 12 monthly simple-interest payments per year. Hence, from Eq. (9-31) the effective annual interest rate on discounts = (12)(0.02) = 0.24 = 24 percent. It would, therefore, he a good use of surplus cash to reduce this debt as quickly as possible. This would require cash equivalent to one-sixth of the annual hills due, or 16,700, to he avadahle. It can, therefore, he assumed that this level of liquidity is not available for capital projects, either as working capital to reduce the debt or for fixed-capital projects. Further, since the new project will not increase sales, it cannot generate further debt of this kind. Hence, this source is not available to capitahze the new project. 

Ideally, a site activity would be equivalent to a rate constant and independent of reactant and product concentrations. It would be only a function of the catalyst and temperature. This would permit us to compare measures of such a quantity without having to take into account reactant and product concentrations. It is clear that most specific rates are not concentration dependent. So, it is interesting to consider how much TOFitk (IAp) and TOFchem deviates from an ideal site activity (i.e., to what extent they are dependent on concentration. Consider a simple surface reaction mechanism [10,11] that can be used for the hydrogenation of CO to produce CH4, an essentially irreversible reaction ... 

The reaction Fe ccp/Fe cytc + Fe ccp/Fe cytc proceeds with AE s 0.4V. The reaction h j been moj ored both by pulse radiolysis, and by simple mixing of Fe ccp + Fe1 cytc, with equivalent results k 0.25 0.07 s (figure 10) It is interesting that a dependence of rate on the primary structure of the protein is observed (at constant AG) for horse cy1j.c/ccp(yeast) k = 0.25 s but for yeast. cytc/(yeast) ccp k = 4 s 1 and for tuna cytc/yeast ccp k s 0.1 s, even though the general three dimensional structures are essentially identical for horse, tuna and yeast cytochromes c. These determinations disprove an earlier suggestion based on modulated excitation spectroscopy, that k - 10 s. Clearly the rate is slow,... 

The relative rate study reveals a tremendous variation in the reactivity of the simple olefins, and indicates the highly electrophilic character of the bromine atom. It would be very interesting to obtain equivalent data for the other halogen atoms, or, better still, absolute rate data for the various olefins with the various halogen atoms through a fairly comprehensive list of olefins. It is this sort of kinetic information which is so important to a fundamental understanding of how molecules react, and it is those data that are all too frequently missing in kinetics. 

In general, experimental studies on ion-transfer reactions lead to values of apparent rate constants. In this connection it is interesting to note that the nominator in Eq. (99) is essentially similar to the expression for J, in Eq. (66) obtained from the simple Buder-Vohner approach. It thus immediately follows that the correction of an experimentally determined apparent rate constant based on Eq. (66) (equivalent to the Frumidn correction used for ET at solid electrodes) is not in direct agreement with the more general treatment leading to Eq. (99). This point was first recognized by Senda [63], who termed the denominator of Eq. (99) the Levich correction. 

Although a more complicated nonlinear least squares procedure has been described by Tsai and Whitmore [1982] which allows analysis of two arcs with some overlap, approximate analysis of two or more arcs without much overlap does not require this approach and CNLS fitting is more appropriate for one or more arcs with or without appreciable overlap when accurate results are needed. In this section we have discussed some simple methods of obtaining approximate estimates of some equivalent circuit parameters, particularly those related to the common symmetrical depressed arc, the ZARC. An important aspect of material-electrode characterization is the identification of derived parameters with specific physicochemical processes in the system. This matter is discussed in detail in Sections 2.2 and 3.3 and will not be repeated here. Until such identification has been made, however, one cannot relate the parameter estimates, such as Rr, Cr, and y/zc, to specific microscopic quantities of interest such as mobilities, reaction rates, and activation energies. It is this final step, however, yielding estimates of parameters immediately involved in the elemental processes occurring in the electrode-material system, which is the heart of characterization and an important part of IS. 

The "rate" theory predicts the nature of the dependence of column efficiency (i. e., the "height of an equivalent theoretical, plate" ) on various factors such as eluent flow rate, adsorbent particle size, column inlet and outlet pr.essure, nature of the eluent gas, etc. Although the development of the theory becomes mathematically fairly complicated, application of the results to practice is often relatively simple. The radiochemist who plans to make much use of gas chromatography will certainly find study of the theory interesting and profitable. 

---