Equivalent circuit current flowing

In the parallel configuration, the same potential difference occurs across each and every element with the total current being the algebraic sum of the current flowing through each individual circuit element. Table 2-35 summarizes the equivalent resistance, conductance, capacitance, and inductance of series-parallel configurations of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. 

Figure 18b.5b shows the equivalent circuit of the metal solution interface composed of C(i and the solution resistance Rs. When a voltage pulse, E, is applied across such a Rc circuit, the transient current flow... 

Consideration of the equivalent circuit diagram of an electrochemical cell, such as that given in Figure 5.1, reveals the major limitation on the rate at which the potential of an electrode can be varied, namely, the time constant of the electrochemical cell, RuCd. When a potential sweep is applied across the cell, the nonfaradaic charging current that flows is described by [24]... 

For more complex current sources, it is necessary to employ Norton s theorem0 which states that any linear network of impedances and voltage sources can be substituted by an equivalent circuit containing a current source iN in parallel with an impedance 2 x, where iN is the current which flows when the output terminals of the network are short-circuited and 2EX is the network impedance with all source voltages put equal to zero and replaced by their internal impedances. 

The equivalent circuit corresponding to this resistive network is shown in Fig. 7.8. The current that carries the information about the analyte flows through the path of the lowest resistance. This seemingly trivial circuit can help us to design the best strategy for selectivity of amperometric sensors. 

Here, we concentrate on cell 1 and assume negligible electrode effects. If a constant current is switched on, both a faradaic as well as a displacement current flows (cf. Section I). Hence the actual current can be ionic/electronic or capacitive, the relative proportions depending on the electronic (creon) and ionic (crion) conductivities and the dielectric constant. Correspondingly, the elements are, as long as creon and crion are summed locally, in parallel (oo denotes the bulk and / , = ReonRtJ Re(m + 70) and the equivalent circuit is given by (cf. also Eq. (5))... 

Modulation of the rotation frequency about gives a response of the velocity component normal to the electrode, which can be obtained by a series expansion in the dimensionless variable pScl/3 where p = (w/fl0). This leads to an expression for the variation of the concentration, or concentration gradient, at the interface, and hence, by way of consideration of the equivalent circuit of the interface, to an expression for the modulated potential or current in response to flow modulation. 

Consider the application of a small sinusoidal potential ( AE sin cut) on a corroding sample, which results in a signal along with the current flow of harmonics 2cq, 3co, etc. Then the impedance A/ sin ( of + r/j) is the relation between AE/ Al and phase (j). In the case of corrosion studies, the sample is made part of a system known as equivalent circuit,24 which consists of the solution resistance Rs, charge transfer resistance Rqt and the capacitance of the double layer Cdi- The measured impedance plot appears in the form of... 

There are, then, at least two possible types of behaviour and considerable care is necessary in analysing the increasingly complex equivalent circuits that result. In practice, provided that little faradaic current flows, it is usually found that a circuit of the form... 

If bulk recombination is important in the depletion layer, then we cannot separate hole and electron flows in the above manner and the Zr, / scp network collapses to a frequency-independent resistor I D, as shown in Fig. 100. In this figure IFis a Warburg impedance for the hole current. This is too complex, as it stands, for analysis and a simpler case can be derived if Css is dominant and the frequency range is such that W can also be neglected. Under these circumstances, I D, Raan and 7 ssp further collapse to a simple resistor Rr, leading to the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 101, which has been applied to p-GaAs under illumination and n-GaAs under hole injection. 

TSM resonator electrical characteristics are typically described in terms of electrical admittance, defined as the ratio of current flow to applied voltage (the reciprocal of impedance). The total TSM resonator admittance can be determined from inspection of the equivalent circuit model ... 

We put these relationships in analogy to an electrical circuit. According to (5.146), the current Qu caused by the potential difference between aTf and H, flows through a conductor with resistance (1 — e /AySy. This is illustrated in the equivalent electrical circuit diagram in Fig. 5.60. Eq. (5.146) can be interpreted as the current with a potential Hy splitting at a node into wires with the geometric resistances (1/AyF ) to the potentials Hj, see Fig. 5.61. The wire possible for Fu 0 is missing, as due to = H no current flows. 

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