Equivalence design

In the practical world, results not only need to be reproducible but also transferable. This requirement helps assure that differences in apparatus for the purpose of automation do not interfere with the method and demands a validation to demonstrate equivalency. Designs which diverge from the strict USP and industry convention run the risk of developing a system that cannot be validated at the specific method level. The authors have personally observed cases where extremely subtle changes in apparatus resulted in a failure to demonstrate suitability. 

As noted in Section 7.5, one-factor independent groups ANOVA can also be used in cases where the independent groups f-test is appropriate. The term independent groups is derived in exactly the same way as was independent groups f-test, in that independent groups of subjects are employed. The term one-factor relates to the fact that, in our ongoing example, there is only one factor that is of interest that factor is type of treatment administered. A factor is an influence that one wishes to study it is of interest to know whether the factor is a systematic source of influence on, and therefore a systematic source of variance in, the data collected in a study. An equivalent designation is not necessary in the case of the f-test, since it can only be used when there is just one factor of interest. 

The preceding example is a simplified case of what an engineer might encounter in a design. In reality, it would usually be necessary to consider various converter sizes and operation with a series of different temperatures in order to arrive at the optimum operation design. Under these conditions, several equivalent designs would apply, and the final decision would be based on the optimum economic conditions for the equivalent designs. 

Sieve designation Sieve opening Nominal wire diam. Tyler equivalent designation... 

To be able to compare MSRs with randomly packed fixed-bed reactors, equivalent design criteria must be defined [69,70]. A fixed-bed reactor of cross-section Sbed and height Lbed filled with np spherical particles of diameter dp is compared with a multichannel MSR with a channel diameter dt and the same cross-section and the same height (Sbed = SstrUc/ kbed hstruc). 

It is clear that equivalent designs can be obtained by permutating the symbols representing factors in the generating function - for example, changing 1 for 9 throughout, and 9 for 1. 

Faculty The program must demonstrate that a majority of those faculty teaching courses which are primarily design in content are qualified to teach the subject matter by virtue of professional licensure or by education and equivalent design experience. 

The overall results do not however confirm this reservation which would imply that, for an equivalent design (control and instrumentation, man/machine interface), the probability of failure should be identical for individual components and thus roughly double for all the systems and functions. 

The distribution function can be used to determine the relationship between reliability and the necessary equivalent design stress Oe r,j (Veff). For a component with the effective volume Veff it holds ... 

All the stress symbols in Eq. (1.13) are denoted by subscripts, though the designations from Fig. 1.10 are very often used. Thus, equivalent designations for the normal and the shear stresses are shown respectively in (1.13a). 

Sieve Opening Nominal Wire Diameter Tyler Equivalent Designation... 

Standard design certification or equivalent design information ... 

Metric equivalents shown in parentheses are those shown in the ASTM standard where provided, or by conversion where not provided. Metric equivalents designated with M for ASTM A193/A193M are those provided in the standard. 

The calculation of the reduced cell is based on the Niggli reduction and is performed by the unified algorithm of Krivy and Gruber. The six scalar products of a rectangular matrix and the equivalent designation can be taken as the form of the Niggli reduced matrix. 

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