Equilibration, partial

The scintillation or Lucas cell (Lucas, 1957) is made by coating the inside of a Plexiglass, quartz or metal cell with silver-activated zinc sulphide (ZnS[Ag]). After transferring the Rn to the cell, it is stored for 1-2 h to allow Rn daughters, Po, Pb, and Po to equilibrate partially. Alpha decays from Rn, Po and Po cause emissions of photons from the ZnS[Ag]. These are converted into electrical signals using a photomultiplier tube (PMT) attached to the cell and routed to a counter. 

Proteins often have the same high-affinity isotherms as do synthetic polymers and are also slow to equilibrate, due to many contacts with the surface. Proteins, however, have the additional complication that they can partially or completely unfold at the solid-liquid interface to expose their hydrophobic core units to a hydrophobic surface... 

Equilibration corrects the velocities of atoms. Velocities resulting from heating do not simulate the type of motion found in a real molecular system. Instead, these velocities depend on a random distribution of values corresponding to a given temperature and on the forces in a partially minimized structure. 

Chromium ammonium sulfate (I2H2O) [34275-72-4 (hydr) I3548-43-I (anhydr)] M 478.4, m 94 loses 9H2O then dehydr at 300 , d 1.72. Crystd from a saturated aqueous soln at 55° by cooling slowly with rapid mechanical stirring. The resulting fine crystals were filtered on a Buchner funnel, partly dried on a porous plate, then equilibrated for several months in a vacuum desiccator over crude chromium ammonium sulfate (partially dehydrated by heating at 100° for several hours before use) [Johnson, Hu and Horton J Am Chem Soc 75 3922 1953]. 

The second stage of the process is to condition the beads, necessary because on cooling after prefoaming pneumatogen and steam within the cells condense and cause a partial vacuum within the cell. By allowing the beads to stand in air for at least 24 hours air can diffuse into the cells in order that at room temperature the pressure within the cell equilibrates with that outside. 

Fig. 5. A growth model of a nanocapsule partially filled with a crystallite of rare-earth carbide (RCj for R = Y, La,. . . , Lu R,C4 for R = Sc) (a) R-C alloy particles, which may be in a liquid or quasi-liquid phase, are formed on the surface of a cathode (b) solidification (graphitizalion) begins from the surface of a particle, and R-enriched liquid is left inside (c) graphite cage outside equilibrates with RCj (or R3C4 for R = Sc) inside.

Figure 4. Partial 100 MHz P.M.R. spectra of an equilibrated solution of 2-deoxy-B-siYabmo-hexopyranose in D2O solution (B) normal resonance (A) with irradiation of Ht(a) (C) with irradiation of Hi(fl).

A dose-response curve to a full agonist is obtained. A concentration of partial agonist is equilibrated... 

A reactant may be present in two forms, or even three, that coexist. The components are related by one (or two) reactions that, we shall assume, equilibrate very rapidly compared to the rate of product buildup. The proportion in each form may be changed by some variable that the investigator keeps constant in a single experiment but later varies among a series of determinations. One instance in which this arises is that of a rapid protonation equilibrium. For example, suppose that the reactant A is partially protonated, and that it is the protonated form of the substrate, AH+, that is converted to product. This can be diagrammed in more than one way here we choose the form in which the protonation equilibrium is written as an acid ionization, which is the usual convention ... 

The reductive amination of ketones can be carried out under hydrogen pressure in the presence of palladium catalysts. However, if enantiopure Q -aminoketones are used, partial racemization of the intermediate a-amino imine can occur, owing to the equilibration with the corresponding enam-ine [102]. Asymmetric hydrogenation of racemic 2-amidocyclohexanones 218 with Raney nickel in ethanol gave a mixture of cis and trans 1,2-diamino cyclohexane derivatives 219 in unequal amounts, presumably because the enamines are intermediates, but with excellent enantioselectivity. The two diastereomers were easily separated and converted to the mono-protected cis- and trans- 1,2-diaminocyclohexanes 220. The receptor 221 has been also synthesized by this route [103] (Scheme 33). 

Often, the sweetness of simple sugars is reported in the literature without any indication of anomeric specification, although the values recorded in some cases refer to an equilibrated solution. In other instances, they refer to some unstated, partially mutarotated solution. 

Hydrolysis may thus be said to be the most popular example of chemical precipitation wherein the metal is separated as its hydroxide. When a metal hydroxide is equilibrated with water it partially dissociates into ions... 

The rate of Mn transfer between the EXC and the ERO fractions decreased after 15 days, with only partial recovery of ERO-Mn to its initial and presaturation value. The missing Mn resided in the OM and the RO fractions, and apparently it was held in non-accessible sites, which were slow to equilibrate with the solution. This required a much longer period of time to be reoxidized. 

Apply to the column 1.0ml of protein solution (dissolved in equilibration buffer-2) to be reduced. The inclusion of a denaturant in the solution deforms the protein structure so that inner disulfides are available to the immobilized reductant. Without the presence of guanidine or another deforming agent (i.e., urea, SDS, etc.), only partial reduction of the protein is possible. 

The isotope effects have been interpreted in terms of a mechanism involving two equilibrating zwitterionic intermediates (equation 110). In this instance, the k step is partially reversible and both the intermolecular and intramolecular isotope effects are a composite of the isotope effects in several steps (Schemes 26 and 27). 

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