Epidemiological studies structure

Hazard identification through animal experiments, epidemiological studies, or structure activity analyses... 

Sellakumar et al. 1969 Stula et al. 1975, 1978). There is no conclusive evidence of carcinogenicity of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in hiunans (Gadian 1975 Gerarde and Gerarde 1974 MacIntyre 1975 Myslak et al. 1991 Ouellet-Hellstrom and Rench 1996) however, there is concern about occupationally exposed subjects because of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine s structural similarity with the known human and animal carcinogen benzidine. However, imless a cohort exposed only to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine is identified and adequate epidemiological studies on such a cohort are conducted, the question will remain unsolved. 

The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) is a short structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10 psychiatric disorders. With an administration time of approximately 15 min, it was designed to meet the need for a short but accurate structured psychiatric interview for multicenter clinical trials and epidemiology studies, and to be used as a first step in outcome tracking in non-research clinical settings (Sheehan et al.y 1998). 

Despite the wide distribution of phenolic compounds in edible plants and the high dietary intake, the health effects of plant phenolic compounds had not been extensively studied until the mid-1990s due to their diversity of species and chemical structures. Epidemiological studies have revealed that dietary consumption of fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods and beverages is inversely correlated with the incidences of many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases [Stevenson and Hurst, 2007]. The evidences from clinical and laboratory studies strongly support... 

TCDD can produce respiratory irritation, but the findings from controlled epidemiologic studies do not support an association between 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure and chronic respiratory disease. It should be noted, however, that chronic bronchitis and related effects were observed in many Yusho and Yu-Cheng patients, who were exposed to the structurally related CDFs (ATSDR 1994). 

Application of in vitro test methods have become advantageous in specific cases, such as structurally defined compounds and delayed neuropathy, since target cell data and biochemical processes associated in delayed neuropathy are known. Microscopic studies reveal that cases of OPIDN have degeneration of axons followed by demyelination of the nervous system.25,26 Epidemiologic studies have indicated mild impairment of the brainstem, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve functions in Gulf War veterans.27 Such studies are consistent with the spectrum of OPIDN syndrome. The main nerve agents have been shown to inhibit NTE in vitro as well as in vivo. Sarin has been shown to produce delayed neurotoxicity when administered at higher doses in protected hens.25-27... 

In summary, both structural and numerical chromosome aberrations have been found consistently in bone marrow cells of persons occupationally exposed to benzene. The conclusion, based on human epidemiological studies, that benzene is a human clastogen is well supported by in vivo animal studies and in vitro cell cultures and subcellular studies. Virtually all studies that looked for effects at the chromosomal level were positive when the ability to metabolize benzene was present. These experimental results are consistent with the chromosomal damage seen in exposed humans (see Sections 2.2.1.7,... 

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