Environmental Soil Remediation

1) In the environmental field, NAPL commonly refers to petroleum hydrocarbons less dense than water light non-aqueous phase liquid, LNAPL), or oils such as chlorinated hydrocarbons that are 

Several successful field demonstrations of in situ surfactant flooding for NAPL soil remediation have been conducted [15, 18, 20, 23, 33, 34], and design and implementation manuals are available [32-34]. 

Microfoam or colloidal gas aphrons have also been reportedly used for soil flushing in contaminated site remediation [35-39]. These also have been adapted from processes developed for enhanced oil recovery (see Section 11.2.2.2). A recent review of surfactant-enhanced soil remediation [23] fists various classes 

The techniques used to achieve the displacement, solubilization, and flushing of the NAPLs are adapted from the same principles (see Section 11.2.2) that are used for displacing trapped crude oil from pores in reservoir rock via surfactant-based 

Micro-foam, or colloidal gas aphrons have also been reportedly used for soil flushing in contaminated-site remediation [494—498], These also have been adapted from processes developed for enhanced oil recovery (see Section 11.2.2.2). A recent review of surfactant-enhanced soil remediation [530] lists various classes of biosurfactants, some of which have been used in enhanced oil recovery, and discusses their performance on removing different type of hydrocarbons, as well as the removal of metal contaminants such as copper and zinc. In the latter area, the application of heavy metal ion complexing surfactants to remediation of landfill and mine leachate, is showing promise [541]. 

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In petroleum recovery [3J] and environmental soil remediation processes [158, 159], surfactant adsorption from solution onto solid surfaces most commonly occurs in porous media, either on the walls of pores or throats or else on fine particles in rock pores. This adsorption constitutes a loss of... 

Another common theme that authors use to establish importance involves environmental impacts. For example, an environmental slant is used in the first sentence of the cyclodextrin article (P3, exercise 6.7), where the study of cyclo-dextrins is justified based on their role in soil remediation. The importance of work that benefits air or water quality and/or promotes green chemistry can also be stressed. Work is also viewed as important if it has cross-disciplinary applications. For example, in the Introduction section of the tetrazole article, the authors stress the importance of tetrazoles in coordination chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and in various materials science applications and point out their role as useful intermediates in the preparation of substituted tetrazoles ... 

T0282 Environmental Soil Management, Inc., Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption T0290 Enviro-Soil Remediation, Inc., Thermal Stripping... 

T0278 Environmental Remediation International (EnRem), Ltd., Soil Remediation System (SRS)... 

T0461 Kinit Enterprises, Trozone Soil Remediation System T0462 Klean Earth Environmental Company (KEECO, Inc.), KB-1... 

T0453 Kaiser-Hill Company, L.L.C., Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction T0459 King, Buck Technologies, Inc., HD CatOx System T0461 Kinit Enterprises, Trozone Soil Remediation System T0462 Klean Earth Environmental Company (KEECO, Inc.), KB-1... 

T0276 Environmental Recycling, L.L.C., Asphalt-Stabilized Base/Engineered BackflU T0277 Environmental Remediation Consultants, Inc., Biointegration T0278 Environmental Remediation International (EnRem), Ltd., Soil Remediation System (SRS)... 

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