Environmental rationale

Environmental Rationale for an Organic-Water Interfacial Synthesis... 

Describe the rationale for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s establishment of a standard reference method for measurement of National Ambient Air Quality Standard air pollutants. 

From the comparison it follows that route (1), direct incineration in MSWls, is generally the least favoiuable option in environmental terms. Hence, there is no doubt that the targets in the EU Packaging directive, which aim to steer away from incinerating plastics packaging in MSWls, have a sound rationale. 

In the following sections, the nature of chloroacetanilide residues in plants, animal products, water, and soil and the rationale for the analytical methodology that is presented are briefly summarized. Procedures for representative methods are included in detail. The methods presented in this article are among the best available at this time, but analytical technology continues to improve. Future directions for acetanilide residue methodology for environmental monitoring are discussed at the end of the article. 

LC/MS/MS is the preferred means of detection, quantitation, and confirmation of sulfonylurea herbicides in biological and environmental matrices. Therefore, recommendations for establishing and optimizing LC/MS/MS analyses common to all matrices are given first, followed by specific rationales for methods and sample preparation techniques for plant, soil, and water matrices. 

Reversed-phase HPLC followed by post-column derivatization and subsequent fluorescence detection is the most common technique for quantitative determination of oxime carbamate insecticides in biological and environmental samples. However, for fast, sensitive, and specific analysis of biological and environmental samples, detection by MS and MS/MS is preferred over fluorescence detection. Thus, descriptions and recommendations for establishing and optimizing HPLC fluorescence, HPLC/ MS, and HPLC/MS/MS analyses are discussed first. This is followed by specific rationales for methods and descriptions of the recommended residue methods that are applicable to most oxime carbamates in plant, animal tissue, soil, and water matrices. 

Gadd, G.M., Biosorption Critical review of scientific rationale, environmental importance and significance for pollution treatment, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 84 (1), 13-28, 2009. 

Needs in environmental education derive directly from the dozens of problem areas which need to be addressed and trtiich all share certain charateristics. They are portions of a continuum. Study of a toxics problem may start at any point for example, with the chemical process by which a toxic is first made, or with impact on aquatic ecosystems. But societally useful knowledge means learning about the entire continuum, not just details of a specialized portion. Environmental education directed toward toxic substances must extend beyond a chemical technology and its direct impact to the full range of Impacts and options — what will make them "safe", their internal and external costs, and the way they may fit into the fabric of society — all such knowledge must reach decision-makers. The fact that such problems exist, and that past education has not prepared a generation well to deal with them, leads to the rationale behind UCLA s Environmental Science and Engineering. 

The results speak for themselves. There is neither an environmental nor an economic case for accelerating mercury cellroom conversions beyond the time-scale of 20-25 years to which the European industry has already expressed its commitment. The only rationale is political - which brings us to the final section of this analysis. 

Concern has been raised that infants and children are at higher risk than adults from exposure to environmental chemicals. The question of an extra assessment factor in the hazard and risk assessment for chemicals of concern for children has therefore been raised and the rationale for such a children-specific assessment factor has been discussed. 

Daughton C.G. (2003a). Craddle-to-craddle stewardship of drugs for minimizing their environmental disposition while promoting human health. I. Rationale for and avenues towards a green pharmacy. Environmental Health Perspectives 111 757-774. 

Incubation conditions shall be suitable for recovery of bioburden and environmental isolates at 20 to 35°C. Microbiology department shall provide a rationale for the selection of their specihc incubation conditions according to the trend analysis of area environmental control and presterilization bioburden isolates. The temperature chosen shall be based upon its ability to recover microorganisms normally found environmentally or in the product bioburden. This same panel of microorganisms shall be used in growth testing the media-hlled containers. 

Concerning health, a typical rationale among consumers is that healthy soils, plants and animals are the basis for human health, and therefore that care and concern for any of these environmental factors will also promote better human health (Torjusen ef al. 2004). Since the health of soils, plants and animals, as well as environmental effects are described elsewhere in this book, this chapter concentrates on the few aspects of food-related health that are directly related to the chemical, microbiological and physical properties of the food ... 

This is the first of several chapters which deal with the construction of models of environmental systems. Rather than focusing on the physical and chemical processes themselves, we will show how these processes can be combined. The importance of modeling has been repeatedly mentioned before, for instance, in Chapter 1 and in the introduction to Part IV. The rationale of modeling in environmental sciences will be discussed in more detail in Section 21.1. Section 21.2 deals with both linear and nonlinear one-box models. They will be further developed into two-box models in Section 21.3. A systematic discussion of the properties and the behavior of linear multibox models will be given in Section 21.4. This section leads to Chapter 22, in which variation in space is described by continuous functions rather than by a series of homogeneous boxes. In a sense the continuous models can be envisioned as box models with an infinite number of boxes. 

An option to consider in using the WA technique is tolerance weighting. The rationale for this approach is that taxa occurring over a narrow range of an environmental gradient should be better indicators than taxa with broader tolerances. Consequently, taxa with narrower tolerances should be weighted... 

Interestingly, the same reaction can be performed with the polymer-supported reagent 18 in water, because the reagent 18 was found to be considerably stable in this solvent. A mechanistic rationale of the catalytic activation of iodosobenzene 5 by potassium bromide is given in Scheme 14. This reaction provides a very facile and environmentally benign method for the alcohol oxidation. 

In several instances, biomonitoring data have confirmed health effects of environmental exposures and have validated public-health policies. For example, population data on blood lead concentrations that were associated with adverse health effects provided the impetus for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations reducing lead in gasoline. Methylmercury concentrations in blood and hair that were correlated with neurodevelopmental effects provided the rationale for EPA s revision of the oral reference dose. In those examples, the biomonitored concentrations of chemicals could be shown to be related to adverse health effects because of the body of epidemiologic, toxicologic, and clinical... 

Vorosmarty C.J. Hinzman L.D. Peterson B.J. Bromwich D.H. Hamilton L.C. Morison J. Romanovsky V.E. Sturm M. and Webb R.S. (2001). The Hydrological Cycle and Its Role in Arctic and Global Environmental Change A Rationale and Strategy for Synthesis Study. Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S., Fairbanks, AL, 84 pp. 

Bernard, A.L., Fischer, C., Vielle, M., 2001. Is There a Rationale for Rehating Environmental Levies RFF Discussion Papers 1-31. 

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