Environment design problems

Dimensional analysis techniques are especially useful for manufacturers that make families of products that vary in size and performance specifications. Often it is not economic to make full-scale prototypes of a final product (e.g., dams, bridges, communication antennas, etc.). Thus, the solution to many of these design problems is to create small scale physical models that can be tested in similar operational environments. The dimensional analysis terms combined with results of physical modeling form the basis for interpreting data and development of full-scale prototype devices or systems. Use of dimensional analysis in fluid mechanics is given in the following example. 

For these reasons design is spoken of as having to be appropriate to the materials of its construction, its methods of manufacture, and the loads (stresses) involved in the product s environment. Where all these aspects can be closely interwoven, plastics are able to solve design problems efficiently in ways that are economically advantageous. 

Klemmer et al. make the following conclusion Almost all studies reach the conclusion that enviromnent innovations are the result of a more complex than one-dimensional sample of effects, which is formed by both intrinsic motivations and also by state incentives, characterised by numerous feedbacks and is largely dependent on the overall social environment partly dictated by the design of the study, it is demonstrated using the example of selected sectors and/or groups of actors for the one part, and different environment policy problems for the other part, that there is no instrament to be favoured a priori or to be rejected generally and that only the interaction of individual motivations, political action and social enviromnent leads to environmental iimovations (multi-impulse hypothesis) (Klemmer ). 

A process-design problem is always open-ended . To put it in a nutshell, the central problem in design is generating relevant alternatives in an environment of specific constraints and decisions of economic, technical and social nature. 

Commercially available Raman microscope cells often are not designed for the characterization of catalysts in reactive environments, and problems may arise from inhomogeneities in temperature and limited gas diffusion. 

In evaluating and choosing between potential solutions to a design problem, scientists utilize modeling, simulation, and experimentation techniques. Small-scale modeling and simulation help test the effectiveness and unexpected consequences of proposed solutions while limiting the initial costs. Modeling and simulation may also reveal potential problems that scientists can address prior to full-scale implementation of the solution. Experimentation allows for evaluation of proposed solutions in a controlled environment where scientists can manipulate and test specific variables. 

Device purchasers should strongly consider institution-specific human factors testing. Usability testing at the institutional level establishes built-in redundancies to capture any design problems missed by manufacturers. Furthermore, the users and environments at individual institutions will differ, possibly in important ways, from the users and environments in which the device or program was initially designed and tested. It is important for an institution to be aware of who the intended users of the device or software will be, as well as where and when they plan to use the device. [6]... 

It is the objective of this chapter to present step-by-step procedures in order to allow application of various dryer models into the Excel environment. This chapter refers to two main topics. The principles for solution of a process design problem are presented first and then the principles for Excel implanentation are described. 

Zeng Y (2004) Environment-based formulation of design problem. Trans SDPS J Integr Design Process Sci 8(4) 45-63... 

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