Entity biological

Any system whose top-level behavior is a consequence of the aggregate behavior of lower-level entities - biological systems, neural systems, social systems, economic systems, among many others - can, in principle, be simulated by an agent-based model. 

For the purposes of this discussion, drugs are chemically synthesized pharmaceuticals, often described as small molecules or new chemical entities biologies are large molecules or biopharmaceuticals. ... 

In contrast to the synthetic drugs, biologies are complex, large compounds with molecular weights >500 kDa and they are not easily characterized. They are dissimilar to synthetic drugs, which are chemically well-defined entities. Biologies are also labile (that is, heat and shear sensitive), and are very dependent on the manufacturing process parameters. 

NCE-New Chemical Entity (Pharmaceuticals) NME-New Molecular Entity (Biologies) Global 2006 market estimates by author. 

An additional consideration for drug-device combination products is the potential need to undertake transportation studies (also referred to as agitation or rotational studies). This may be particularly relevant where the drug in such a combination product is a biological entity. Biological molecules can be more sensitive to transportation conditions than traditional small molecule medicinal products. In addition, medicinal products of a biological nature that are used in a combination product may raise specific concerns regarding transportation. In a situation where the... 

A particular point of interest included in these hehcal complexes concerns the chirality. The heUcates obtained from the achiral strands are a racemic mixture of left- and right-handed double heUces (Fig. 34) (202). This special mode of recognition where homochiral supramolecular entities, as a consequence of homochiral self-recognition, result from racemic components is known as optical self-resolution (203). It appears in certain cases from racemic solutions or melts (spontaneous resolution) and is often quoted as one of the possible sources of optical resolution in the biological world. On the other hand, the more commonly found process of heterochiral self-recognition gives rise to a racemic supramolecular assembly of enantio pairs (204). 

Vimses are one of the smallest biological entities (except viroids and prions) that carry all the iaformation necessary for thek own reproduction. They are unique, differing from procaryotes and eucaryotes ia that they carry only one type of nucleic acid as genetic material, which can be transported by the vims from one cell to another. Vimses are composed of a shell of proteki enclosing a core of nucleic acid, either ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), that codes for vkal reproduction. The outer shell serves as a protective coat to keep the nucleic acid kitact and safe from enzymatic destmction. In addition to thek proteki coat, some vimses contain an outer covering known as an outer envelope. This outer envelope consists of a Hpid or polysaccharide material. 

Biological targets may consist of single-entity proteins, complexes of receptors (dimers), or receptors plus accessory proteins. Mixtures of gene products can produce unique phenotypic biological targets. 

Epoxides are found in thousands of biological molecules and constitute vital functional entities. They can impart localized structural rigidity, confer cytotoxicity through their role as alkylating agents, or act as reactive intermediates in complex synthetic sequences. The widespread occurrence of epoxides is contrasted by only a handful of aziridines that are known to date. In this chapter we would like to introduce the different mechanisms by which enzymes produce epoxides. 

Note that, in the case of biological products, this is the name of the legal entity or person to whom the license will be issued. The name, street address and telephone number of the legal person or entity authorized to represent a non-U.S. applicant should be entered in the indicated area. Only one person should sign the form. 

It is scenario 3 that is most consistent with the data depicted in Fig. 1-2. Given that the physical climate system is strongly influenced by gases in the atmosphere that absorb and emit infrared radiation (e.g., H2O, CO2, CH4, etc.), and since the amounts of these species in the air depend to some extent (for some, a great extent) on the functioning of the biosphere, it is logical to view the climate of the Earth as a coupled physical, chemical, and biological entity. 

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