Entities, biologically important

As has been described, CD is one of the few spectroscopic techniques sensitive to the structural parameters that define and guide the three-dimensional shape of a biologically active entity. This important structural information, obtained on a time-resolved basis in the same time domain as the biological event under study, is an extremely important advance that will have wide application in biophysical studies of proteins, polypeptides and other biologically significant species. 

Q.7.6 Which biologically important entities should be treated as quantized (Hint consider the size and speed of the entity and apply the deBroglie relationship and then calculate /S.E/E). 

Ours is an asymmetric world and life is not even-handed. This asymmetry plays out in our understanding and definition of biologically important interactions these interactions are also asymmetric. Receptors are chiral entities and the interactions of ligands, physiological and pharmacological, at these specific entities exhibit chirality of interaction. Indeed, so common is this phenomenon that its occurrence is frequently used as one component of the definition of receptors, of specific ligand-receptor interactions and in their quantitation. Chirality of ligand-... 

Abstract Free radicals are generally considered as villain. Thns the image of free radicals emerges as a dangerons entity which is perhaps always injnrions to health. One conld, however, ask if there is any beneficial effect of free radicals. A series of studies has been embarked npon this idea in quest of friendly free radicals in this concept the possible nse of iodine free radicals was explored initially throngh their reaction with varions biologically important componnds inclnding components of DNA/RNA/PROTEIN. 

Amino acid is one of the most important biological ligands. Researches on the coordination of metal-amino acid complexes will help us better understand the complicated behavior of the active site in a metal enzyme. Up to now many Ln-amino acid complexes [50] and 1 1 or 1 2 transition metal-amino acid complexes [51] with the structural motifs of mononuclear entity or chain have been synthesized. Recently, a series of polynuclear lanthanide clusters with amino acid as a ligand were reported (most of them display a Ln404-cubane structural motif) [52]. It is also well known that amino acids are useful ligands for the construction of polynuclear copper clusters [53-56], Several studies on polynuclear transition metal clusters with amino acids as ligands, such as [C03] [57,58], [Co2Pt2] [59], [Zn6] [60], and [Fe ] [61] were also reported. 

Heterotrophic bacterial processes dominate transformations in the sewer. There are similarities with the corresponding processes in biological treatment plants. It is, however, from the very beginning, important to emphasize that transformations of wastewater under sewer conditions and in activated sludge or biofilm systems proceed differently. The processes in sewers, treatment plants and receiving waters must be dealt with as an entity however, they must also be considered with their own specific characteristics. 

---