Enhanced Chemistry

Kingston, H. M. Haswell, S. J., eds. Microwave-Enhanced Chemistry Fundamentals, Sample Preparation, and Applications. American Ghemical Society Washington, DG, 1997. 

This chapter draws attention to the role of multimedia in learning, teaching, and assessing chemical education. In particular, this chapter focuses on how multimedia can enhance chemistry learning of the relationship between the symbolic, macro, submicro levels of chemistiy and discusses theories and empirical studies from the following perspectives (1) multimedia as a representational modeling tool... 

Multimedia technologies have the capability to enhance chemistry learning and support students understanding of the triplet relationship. Yet, several issues need to be considered when using multimedia tools in chemistry classrooms. 

After Walker et al. [430]. Reprinted with permission from P.J. Walker et al., in Microwave-Enhanced Chemistry (H.M. Kingston and S.J. Has-well, eds), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1997), pp. 55-121. Copyright (1997) American Chemical Society. 

Principles and Characteristics Pare et al. [475] have patented another approach to extraction, the Microwave-Assisted Process (MAP ). In MAP the microwaves (2.45 GHz, 500 W) directly heat the material to be extracted, which is immersed in a microwave transparent solvent (such as hexane, benzene or iso-octane). MAP offers a radical change from conventional sample preparation work in the analytical laboratory. The technology was first introduced for liquid-phase extraction but has been extended to gas-phase extraction (headspace analysis). MAP constitutes a relatively new series of technologies that relate to novel methods of enhancing chemistry using microwave energy [476]. 

H.M. Kingston and S.J. Haswell (eds), Microwave-Enhanced Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1997). 

Many organic reactions can be conducted very rapidly under microwave irradiation. Microwave-induced organic reaction enhancement chemistry techniques were used for the rapid formation of an ot-benzyloxy-p-lactam (10 in Fig. 4.2) and the hydrogenolysis of its benzyloxy group on a few-gram scale in 1-5 minutes with HC02NH4 and Pd/C in ethylene glycol as the reaction medium in a domestic microwave oven.243... 

Microwave-induced organic reaction enhancement chemistry was used for the hydrogenolysis of the C-N bond in lactams. To a solution of a-vinyl (3-lactams in ethylene glycol were added HC02NH4 and 10% Pd/C catalyst then this mixture was irradiated in a microwave oven (Scheme 4.108).357... 

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