Enhanced charge capacity

A quite novel P(ANi) derivative, poly(2,2 -dithiodianiline), of postulated structure shown in Fig. 13-10. was synthesized recently by Naoi et al. [585]. This CP was obtained via electropolymerization of the monomer, 2,2 -dithiodianiline, with the S-S bond preserved after polymerization. Tests of Li batteries incorporating this CP appeared to show enhanced charge capacity and energy density. The authors claimed that during reduction, the -S-S- linkages were broken, yielding -S. .. S- units, but that this process was reversible. 

The double-layer capacity depends strongly on the nature of the electrode material, even in cases where there is no specific adsorption of ions and solvent. It was therefore suggested, first by O.K. Rice, that the metal makes a direct contribution to the double-layer capacity. This idea was quantitatively pursued within the -> jel-lium model, in which the distribution of the electrons at the surface is affected by the double-layer field. In essence, the surface electrons form a highly polarizable medium, which enhances the capacity. In combination with the hard sphere electrolyte model, it gives the correct order of magnitude for the capacity at the -> point of zero charge also, it predicts correctly that the capacity of simple sp-metals should increase with the electronic density. An extension of the jellium-hard sphere elec-... 

Furthermore, the particle core has a density consistent with amorphous silica. The adsorption of oligomers around the core of the particles has implications that may explain the high charge density and exceptional stability of silica sols (9). Enhanced stability may also arise from solvation forces. Such an interfacial structure has important consequences in both determining the mechanism and enhancing the capacity for sorption of other ionic species from solution. 

Higher coloration efficiency, larger charge capacity, enhanced cycling stability and faster color-bleach rates were observed for nanofibrUlar PANI films, obtained by electropolymerization from an aqueous medium in the presence of an ionic liquid (1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium bromide), as compared to that shown by nonfibrillar PANI films fabricated from PEG solution [279]. 

In modem ion trap mass spectrometry, weak higher-order multipole and/or dipole electric fields are always superimposed upon the quadrupole electric field. The weak superimposed higher-order multipole and/or dipole electric fields are found to enhance the mass spectral performance with respect to mass resolution, charge capacity, scan speed, and to chemical mass shift. In fact, all commercial ion trap mass spectrometers are non-linear ion traps [7-9]. In the Finnigan ion trap instrument, the positions of the two end-cap electrodes are stretched out from the theoretical positions to add the higher-order multipoles. In the Bruker ion trap, the profiles of the end-cap electrodes are crafted to create the superimposed higher-order multipoles. In the Varian 4000 ion trap, a dipole and higher-order multipoles are superimposed upon the quadrupole field by a switchable electric circuit [10],... 

Hydrogel Polymer Electrolytes for Pseudocapacitors and Hybrid ESs As mentioned in Section 2.2 and similar to the research trend in the field of aqueous electrolytes, considerable work has focused on the development of hydrogel electrolytes for ESs with enhanced charge storage capacity, such as pseudocapacitors and hybrid ESs including asymmetric ESs. The electrochemical behavior of the pseudo-capacitive electrode materials is directly influenced by the nature of the electrolytes. 

Zhang Q, et al. Synthesis of amphiphilic reduced graphene oxide with an enhanced charge injection capacity for electrical stimulation of neural cells. J Mater Chem B 2014 2(27) 4331-7. 

The above cases dealt with polymers that were chemically modified in solution. Chemical modification of surfaces of solid polymers is an attractive alternative technique. Oxidation of polystyrene surfaces has b rigShown to increase the negative charging capacity linearly.Introduction of carbonyl coo taining functionalities (acceptor groups) is known to occur. Oxidation and ozonization of branched (unsaturated) polyethylene surfaces led to ver. similar results, i.e., enhanced negative charging- capacity.Oxidation of coal was similar in effect. ... 

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