Energy supercapacitors

Frackowiak, E. (2004). Carbon nanotubes for storage of energy supercapacitors. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Marcel Dekker, pp. 537—46. 

Zhong, H., F. Xu, Z. Li, R. Fu, and D. Wu. 2013. High-energy supercapacitors based on hierarchical porous carbon with an ultrahigh ion-accessible surface area in ionic liquid electrolytes. Nanoscale 5 4678-4682. 

Arbizzani, C., M. Biso, D. Cericola, M. Lazzari, F. Soavi, and M. Mastragostino. 2008. Safe, high-energy supercapacitors based on solvent-free ionic liquid electrolytes. Journal of Power Sources 185 1575—1579. 

Anouti, M., L. Tunperman, M. el hilali, A. Boisset, and H. Galiano. 2012. Sulfonium bis(trifluorosulfonimide) plastic crystal ionic liquid as an electrolyte at elevated temperature for high-energy supercapacitors. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116 9412-9418. 

The supercapacitors described in the literature have an overall specific capacity of about 1 to 5 F/g (i.e., when allowing for the weight of the two electrodes, the leads, the electrolytes, and aU peripheral components). In them, electric energy can be accumulated with a density of 1 to 5 Wh/kg (which is one to two orders of mag-nimde less than in batteries). 

Specific energy reserve are more appropriate. At high currents, losses during supercapacitor discharge may prove to be excessive. 

New Carbon Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems Batteries, Supercapacitors and Fuel Cells... 

A classic definition of electrochemical ultracapacitors or supercapacitors summarizes them as devices, which store electrical energy via charge in the electrical double layer, mainly by electrostatic forces, without phase transformation in the electrode materials. Most commercially available capacitors consist of two high surface area carbon electrodes with graphitic or soot-like material as electrical conductivity enhancement additives. Chapter 1 of this volume contains seven papers with overview presentations, and development reports, as related to new carbon materials for this emerging segment of the energy market. 

Conway BE, Birss V, Wojtowicz. The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 1997 66 1-14. 

Combined with appropriate amorphous carbon precursors graphite intercalation compounds could be used in one-stage process of production of carbon-carbon composites, which could possess attractive properties for such applications as supercapacitors elements, sorbents as well as catalyst supports and materials for energy- and gas-storage systems. 

Conway, B. E., Transition from supercapacitor to battery behavior in electrochemical energy-storage, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1991, 138(6), 1539 1548. 

Carbon nanotubes can be employed either as electrode materials or conductive fillers for the active materials in various electrochemical energy-storage systems [20]. For energy generation and storage, nanotubes hold promise as supercapacitors. 

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