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Energy standard

But before the effectiveness of the voluntai y pro-gi am could be determined other important events intervened. First, states began to adopt efficiency regulations of their own. The state proceedings generated considerable controversy, with manufacturers uniformly opposing the energy standards. [Pg.78]

To meet the 2001 U.S. energy standards and the 2003 phase-out of HCFCs, there is a great incentive to develop a significantly better thermal insulation. The most dramatic approach would use vacuum panels for insulating the cabinet. A number of U.S. and Japanese manufacturers have developed such panels and placed these kinds of refrigerators in homes. The panels consist of multilayer plastic envelopes filled with precipitated (fumed) silica. The claimed thermal conductivity is one-fourth that of polyurethane foam. The two major obstacles are cost and the maintenance of vacuum for twenty years. [Pg.1000]

To meet the 1993 Energy Standards, the industry undertook, at considerable cost, the optimization of the various refrigeration system components. The most significant improvement was the increase in compressor efficiency, from an EER of about 4 to about 5.5. Other system improvements included more efficient fan motors, more effective heat transfer by the evaporator and the condenser, and less defrost energy. In the early 1980s, both the Whirlpool Corporation and White Consolidate Industries introduced electronic defrost controls. Heretofore, an electric timer initiated the defrost cycle, typically every t A elve hours, whether the evaporator needed it or not. With the electronic control the defrost inteiwal is more a function of frost accumulation than of time, and thus referred to as a variable defrost control or as adaptive defrost. It saves energy by being activated only when needed. [Pg.1000]

ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999. Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. [Pg.132]

A. Gibbs free energy—standard cell voltage... [Pg.242]

For insulating materials, on the contrary, the Fermi level lies in the gap, so that it is not detected on the photoelectron spectra. A possible calibration method stems from the gold decoration technique the binding energies can then be referred to the Au 4f doublet. This leads, however, to a poor reproducibility of the calibration Neither is the 1 s line of adventitious carbon a better energy standard. [Pg.220]

A model has been considered for Sn2 reactions, based on two interacting states. Relevant bond energies, standard electrode potentials, solvent contribntions (nonequi-librinm polarization), and steric effects are included. Applications of the theory are made to the cross-relation between rate constants of cross- and identity reactions, experimental entropies and energies of activation, the relative rates of Sn2 and ET reactions, and the possible expediting of an outer sphere ET reaction by an incipient SN2-type interaction (Marcus, 1997). [Pg.83]

DOE (1986). U.S. Department of Energy. Department of Energy Standard for the Performance Testing of Personnel Dosimetry Systems, DOE/EH-0027 (U.S. Department of Energy, Washington). [Pg.39]

Figure 4.2 Standard Gibbs energy, standard enthalpy and standard entropy cycles for the reaction between hydrated protons and hydrated electrons to give gaseous dihydrogen Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes are in units of kJ mol- the entropy changes are in units of J K 1 mol-1... Figure 4.2 Standard Gibbs energy, standard enthalpy and standard entropy cycles for the reaction between hydrated protons and hydrated electrons to give gaseous dihydrogen Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes are in units of kJ mol- the entropy changes are in units of J K 1 mol-1...
The values of the changes in standard Gibbs energy, standard enthalpy and standard entropy are given for all the stages. The calculation of some of the values depends upon the known values for the standard entropies of the participating species given in Table 4.3. [Pg.82]

Blackbody radiation sources are accurate radiant energy standards of known flux and spectral distribulion. They are used for calibrating other infrared sources, detectors, and optical systems. The radiating properties of a blackbody source are described by Planck s law. Energy distribution... [Pg.837]

Marcus has introduced a model for, S N 2 reactions of the ET type based on two interacting states which takes into account the relevant bond energies, standard electrode potentials, solvent contributions, and steric effects.87 The rate constant for intramolecular electron transfer between reduced and oxidized hydrazine units in the radical cation of the tetraazahexacyclotetradecane derivative (43) and its analogues has been determined by simulation of then variable temperature ESR spectra.88 The same researchers also reported then studies of the SET processes of other polycyclic dihydrazine systems.89,90... [Pg.149]

Standard free energy Standard free energy of a reaction gives die increase of free energy when the reactants, all in their standard states of unit pressure or unit concentration are converted at constant temperature (7) into the products, which are also in their standard states. The standard free energy is given by the expressions,... [Pg.111]

Radiation curable 100% reactive anhydride + propylene oxide addition + acrylic acid 1 day solvent cook and esterification 100-200°C Equal to low energy standard (B) except for added cost of acrylic acid ... [Pg.56]


See other pages where Energy standard is mentioned: [Pg.84]    [Pg.76]    [Pg.998]    [Pg.316]    [Pg.85]    [Pg.219]    [Pg.8]    [Pg.19]    [Pg.459]    [Pg.227]    [Pg.397]    [Pg.501]    [Pg.503]    [Pg.505]    [Pg.507]    [Pg.93]    [Pg.362]    [Pg.871]    [Pg.91]    [Pg.383]    [Pg.441]    [Pg.265]    [Pg.397]    [Pg.501]    [Pg.503]    [Pg.505]    [Pg.507]    [Pg.1]    [Pg.299]    [Pg.60]    [Pg.491]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.2566 , Pg.2575 ]




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Adsorption standard free energy

Aluminium oxide standard Gibbs energy of formation

Appliances energy efficiency standards

Calcium oxide standard Gibbs energy of formation

Carbon monoxide standard Gibbs energy of formation

Change in standard Gibbs free energy

Chemical equilibria thermodynamics standard potential/Gibbs free energy

Chemical reaction standard state Gibbs energy change

Definition of the standard Gibbs free energy

Electrode potentials, standard calculating free energy changes from

Elements standard free energy

Energy standard transfer

Energy standards CAFE)

Energy standards Corporate Average Fuel Economy

Energy, efficiency standards for

Equilibrium constant standard Gibbs energy

Equilibrium constant standard free energy

Equilibrium constant, standard free energy related

Equilibrium constants relationship with standard Gibbs energy

Formation reaction standard Gibbs free energy change

Formation reaction standard Gibbs-energy change

Formation standard Gibbs energy

Formation standard free energy

Free energy change standard cell potential and

Free energy establishing standard

Free energy profiles standard states

Free energy standard

Free energy standard binding

Free energy standard conditions

Free energy standard reaction

Free energy standard state

Free energy, definition standard

Gibbs energy of formation standard state values

Gibbs energy reaction, standard molar

Gibbs energy standard potential

Gibbs energy standard state

Gibbs energy standard value

Gibbs free energy formation species, standard

Gibbs free energy standard-state

Gibbs free energy, standard calculation

Gibbs free standard energy approximation

Gibbs free standard energy proton solvation

Gibbs free standard energy rate constants

Gibbs free standard energy relative calculations

Gibbs free standard energy solution acidity

Gibbs free-energy change standard

Gibbs standard free energy

Hydrogen, electrode standard free energy

Iron oxide standard Gibbs energy of formation

Molar standard-state free-energy change

Oxides standard free energy

Partial molar standard Gibbs free energy

Reaction standard Gibbs free energy

Reaction standard Helmholtz free energy

Reaction standard internal energy

Rotation-Vibration-Electronic Energy Levels and Standard Notation

Stabilization energy standard” geometry

Standard Free Energy Change, AG

Standard Gibbs Free-Energy Change for Chemical Reactions

Standard Gibbs energies of adsorption

Standard Gibbs energy

Standard Gibbs energy change

Standard Gibbs energy change equilibrium constant

Standard Gibbs energy change relationship

Standard Gibbs energy change solvent

Standard Gibbs energy change variation with temperature

Standard Gibbs energy difference

Standard Gibbs energy of formation

Standard Gibbs energy of hydration

Standard Gibbs energy of ion transfer

Standard Gibbs energy of solution

Standard Gibbs energy variation

Standard Gibbs free energy change reactant-favored

Standard Gibbs free energy formation

Standard Gibbs free energy of micellization

Standard Gibbs free energy of transfer

Standard Gibbs-energy change of reaction

Standard States for Free-Energy Changes

Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies Biochemical Reactants

Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies Reactants

Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants

Standard bond dissociation energy

Standard change in free energy

Standard change of free energy

Standard energy changes

Standard free energies of formation

Standard free energy change calculation

Standard free energy change of reaction

Standard free energy of activation

Standard free energy of adsorption

Standard free energy of dissociation

Standard free energy of formation (AGf

Standard free energy of micelle formation

Standard free energy of reaction

Standard free energy of solution

Standard free energy, chemical reactions

Standard free-energy change

Standard further transformed Gibbs energy of formation

Standard high-energy conformations

Standard massic energy of combustion

Standard molar Gibbs energies, enthalpies and entropies

Standard molar Gibbs free energy

Standard molar Gibbs free energy formation

Standard molar free energy, estimation

Standard molar internal energy of the molecule

Standard molar transfer Gibbs free energies

Standard reaction Gibbs energy

Standard state Gibbs energy change

Standard state Gibbs energy change reaction temperature

Standard transformed Gibbs energy

Standard transformed Gibbs energy calculation

Standard transformed Gibbs energy of a reactant

Standard transformed Gibbs energy table

Standard-state Free Energies, Equilibrium Constants, and Concentrations

Standard-state free-energy change

TABLE A.3 Standard-State Enthalpies, Free Energies

The Distribution of Standard Free Energy

The standard Gibbs energy of formation

The standard Gibbs free energy of formation

The standard dissociation energy at zero kelvin

The standard reaction Gibbs energy

Thermodynamics basics standard free energy

Thermodynamics standard free energies

Thermodynamics standard free-energy changes

Tin oxide standard Gibbs energy of formation

Zinc oxide standard Gibbs energy of formation

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