Energy intensity based

Each basic operation can be divided into one or more unit operations. Size reduction involves cnishing and grinding depending on the size of material handled, and these may be carried out in stages. Separations can be either soHds from soHds, based on size or mineral composition, or soHds from Hquids, ie, dewatering (qv). Size separation or classification is an integral part of any flow sheet, not only to meet product size specifications, but also to ensure a narrow size distribution for subsequent minerals separation circuits and to decrease the load and improve the efficiency of size reduction units which are energy intensive. 

Raw Material and Energy Aspects to Pyridine Manufacture. The majority of pyridine and pyridine derivatives are based on raw materials like aldehydes or ketones. These are petroleum-derived starting materials and their manufacture entails cracking and distillation of alkanes and alkenes, and oxidation of alkanes, alkenes, or alcohols. Ammonia is usually the source of the nitrogen atom in pyridine compounds. Gas-phase synthesis of pyridines requires high temperatures (350—550°C) and is therefore somewhat energy intensive. 

Intensity-based impurity quantification to several percent possible energy quantification very precise... 

This displaced more complex, capital-and-energy-intensive processes based on acetylene or ethylene oxide ... 

To deposit diamond by CVD, the carbon species must be activated since, at low pressure, graphite is thermodynamically stable and without activation only graphite would be formed. Activation is obtained by two energy-intensive methods high temperature and plasma. CVD processes based on these two methods are continuously expanded and improved and new ones are regularly proposed. 

The combination of physical and chemical characteristics of nodules make impossible the application of methods of physical beneficiation such as flotation and magnetic separation to produce concentrates of valuable metals, and so chemical processing must be used. Their processing also tends to be much more energy-intensive, vis-a-vis that of conventional land-based ores. Deep-sea manganese nodules are quite unlike any terrestrial ores, both with respect to their physical characteristics and to their mineralogical and chemical compositions new processes are, therefore, required. 

The term filterFRET here refers to intensity-based methods for calculating fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from sets of images of the preparation collected at different excitation and/or emission wavelength. The term is not intended to imply that interference filters are actually present in the setup very similar considerations apply when donor- and acceptor fluorophores are spectrally resolved by other means, such as monochromators or spectral detectors. 

Nagy, P., Vamosi, G., Bodnar, A., Lockett, S. J. and Szollosi, J. (1998). Intensity-based energy transfer measurements in digital imaging microscopy. Eur. Biophys. J. 27, 377-89. 

Differences in terms of per-capita income, per-capita emissions and energy intensity among countries remain significant (see Fig. 2.3). In 2004, UNFCCC Annex I countries held a 20% share in world population, produced 57% of world gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity (GDPppp), and accounted for 46% of global GHG emissions. 

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