Energy, fuel types

Mattisson, T., Johansson, M., and Lyngfelt, A., Multicycle reduction and oxidation of different types of iron oxide particles-application to chemical-looping combustion, Energy Fuels, 18(3), 628, 2004. 

De Klerk, A. 2007. Properties of synthetic fuels from H-ZSM-5 oligomerization of Fischer-Tropsch type feed material. Energy Fuels 21 3084—89. 

Table 5.11 Average energy yields of different fuel types produced from energy crops... 

However, the area-related energy yield is not the sole criteria for evaluating the energy efficiency of a crop species and/or a fuel type. The energy inputs (CED) of cultivation and conversion processes (see Table 5.7), the DM losses, the energetic use of by-products and the further ways of utilisation must also be considered. 

Fig. 2 World marketed energy use by fuel type, 1970-2025. Reference History data from Energy Information Administration (EIA), International energy annual, 2002, DOE/EIA-0219 (2002), Washington, DC, March 2004. Projection data from EIA, System for the analysis of global energy markets, 2005.

V. Bansal, G.J. Krishna, A.P. Singh, A.K. Gupta, and A.S. Sarpal, Determination of hydrocarbons types and oxygenates in motor gasoline A comparative smdy by different analytical techniques. Energy Fuels, 22, 410-415... 

J.A. Conesa, R. Font, A. Marcilla, Comparison between the pyrolysis of types of polyethylenes in a fluidized bed reactor, Energy Fuels 11 (1997) 126-136. 

An allocation that is not differentiated between different fuel types (uniform benchmark, output-based) reduces opportunity costs of emitting C02 and thus reduces the impact on the product price. This reduces incentives to substitute less C02-intensive products, e.g. from cement to wood as a building material, or from electricity consumption to investment in energy efficiency but there is not an incentive to keep plants operating above some minimum threshold purely to get allowances. If such output-based updating allowance allocation is differentiated between production processes and fuel types, then additional distortions create an incentive to increase operation of more C02-intensive fuels and production processes. 

Worldmarketed energy use by fuel type, 1980-2030. (From Energy InformationAdministration (EIA), International Energy Annual 2004 (May-July 2006), http //www.eia.doe.gov/iea. Projections EIA, System for the Analysis of Global Energy Markets (2007).)... 

A fuel cell is basically an energy conversion device. This means that it takes one type of energy and changes it to another type of energy. Fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen to cause a chemical reaction. The chemical reaction produces water and, with it, electricity. 

Table IV summarizes the expected impact of the synfuel physical and chemical properties on the combustion process. In general, the properties of alternative and synthetic liquid fuels vary considerably as the fuel types range from unrefined to hydrogenated liquid fuels from coal, shale, and tar sands. Synthetic fuels of various levels of refinement will be used by the industrial, commercial, and utility sectors to produce thermal enegy for direct process heat, mechanical energy, steam, hot water, and the production of electricity. Consequently,...

What about food—the fuel for your body In order to choose an appropriate and balanced diet, you need to know how much energy each type of food releases when it is digested. Food energy is measured in Calories. (You will learn more about Calories later in this section.)... 

U.S. primary energy consumption, by fuel type, historical and projected, 1970 to 2025, 13... 

Raw petroleum and refined petroleum products used as fuels or lubricants are generally excluded at the national level from the cradle-to-grave record-keeping associated with recognized toxics such as heavy metals or chlorinated solvents. With an eye to the availability of petroleum as a source of energy, petroleum production is tracked by the federal government as well as industry trade associations. Statistics are available for wellhead production as well as for production of major bulk fuel types from domestic refineries. These primary production statistics have been summarized in Chapter 4. 

Figure 5.1 shows the total primary energy supply (TPES) by fuel types over the last twenty years. Since the early 1980s, use of natural gas and renewables has increased in the electricity and heating sectors. As a result, use of coal decreased - in particular after 1995. Oil has also decreased in the heating and electricity sector, but the decrease has been offset by an increase of its use in the transport sector. 

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