Energy conservation training

Audits may differ. Some concentrate on particular facets, e.g. waste minimization, energy conservation. A management audit will probably cover organizational structures and relationships, communications, procedures acceptance and implementation, training and quality assurance. A technical audit will consider the performance of plant and equipment, monitoring and inspection programmes. Items for inclusion in auditing are listed in Table 17.12. 

Transportation is the economic sector with the greatest potential for increased efficiencies. The private auto and airplane are only about one-third as efficient as buses or trains for transportation. Transportation of freight by truck requires about 3800 Btu/ton-mile compared to only 670 Btu/ton-mile for a train. Truck transport is terribly inefficient compared to rail transport (as well as dangerous, labor-intensive, and environmentally disruptive). Major shifts in current modes of transportation in the United States will not come without anguish, but energy conservation dictates that they be made. 

Chlorobenzene mixtures behave in distillation as ideal solutions. In a continuous distillation train, heat may be conserved by using the condensers from some units as the reboilers for others thereby, saving process energy. 

A typical flow diagram is shown in Fig. 18.13 The desalter operation is incorporated into the preheat train of the crude distillation unit to conserve energy. Depending on the characteristics of the hydrocarbon feedstock,... 

The distillation train first separates the benzene/toluene byproduct from main crude styrene stream (8). Unconverted EB is separated from styrene (9) and recycled to the reaction section. Various heat recovery schemes are used to conserve energy from the EB/SM column system. In the final purification step (10), trace C9 components and heavies are separated from the finished SM. To minimize polymerization in distillation equipment, a dinitrophenolic type inhibitor is co-fed with the crude feed from the reaction section. Typical SM purity ranges between 99.90% and 99.95%. 

In functional electrical stimulation, the typical stimulation waveform is a train of rectangular pulses. This shape is used because of its effectiveness as well as relative ease of generation. All three parameters of a stimulation train, that is, frequency, amplitude, and pulse-width, have effect on muscle contraction. Generally, the stimulation frequency is kept as low as possible, to prevent muscle fatigue and to conserve stimulation energy. The determining factor is the muscle fusion frequency at which a smooth muscle response is obtained. This frequency varies however, it can be as low as 12-14 Hz and as high as 50 Hz. In most cases, the stimulation frequency is kept constant for a certain application. This is true both for surface as well as implanted electrodes. 

As indicated in the previous chapter, models are used for a variety of applications, such as study of the dynamic behavior, process design, model-based control, optimization, controllability study, operator training and prediction. These models are usually based on physical fundamentals, conservation balances and additional equations. In this chapter the conservation balances for mass, momentum, energy and components are introduced. 

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