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Energy approach

The curve above shows that as R—the potential energy approaches a constant, which is the energy of the two individual atoms. Further, there is a global minimum for this potential surface at intermediate distances. At very short distances, the energy rises to +°° as the two atoms repel each other. [Pg.159]

The value of the activation energy approaches 50000 near the stoichiometric composition. This diffusion process therefore approximates to the selfdiffusion of metals at stoichiometty where the vacancy concentration on the carbon sub-lattice is small. [Pg.184]

An alternative energy approach to the fracture of polymers has also been developed on the basis of non-linear elasticity. This assumes that a material without any cracks will have a uniform strain energy density (strain energy per unit volume). Let this be IIq. When there is a crack in the material this strain energy density will reduce to zero over an area as shown shaded in Fig. 2.65. This area will be given by ka where )k is a proportionality constant. Thus the loss of elastic energy due to the presence of the crack is given by... [Pg.125]

FIGURE 8.4 The variation of the molar Gibbs free energy of an ideal gas with pressure. The Gibbs free energy has its standard value when the pressure of the gas is 1 bar. The value of the Gibbs free energy approaches minus infinity as the pressure falls to zero. [Pg.433]

In 1960 Tal roze and Frankevich (39) first described a pulsed mode of operation of an internal ionization source which permits the study of ion-molecule reactions at energies approaching thermal energies. In this technique a short pulse of electrons is admitted to a field-free ion source to produce the reactant ions by electron impact. A known and variable time later, a second voltage pulse is applied to withdraw the ions from the ion source for mass analysis. In the interval between the two pulses the ions react under essentially thermal conditions, and from variation of the relevant ion currents with the reaction time the thermal rate constants can be estimated. [Pg.157]

Stability theory is the central part of the theory of difference schemes. Recent years have seen a great number of papers dedicated to investigating stability of such schemes. Many works are based on applications of spectral methods and include ineffective results given certain restrictions on the structure of difference operators. For schemes with non-self-adjoint operators the spectral theory guides only the choice of necessary stability conditions, but sufficient conditions and a priori estimates are of no less importance. An energy approach connected with the above definitions of the scheme permits one to carry out an exhaustive stability analysis for operators in a prescribed Hilbert space Hh-... [Pg.780]

When an atom with a filled level at energy approaches a metal surface it will first of all chemisorb due to the interaction with the sp electrons of the metal. Consider for example an oxygen atom. The 2p level contains four electrons when the atom is isolated, but as it approaches the metal the 2p levels broaden and shift down in energy through the interaction with the sp band of the metal. Fig. 6.28(a) and (b) show this for adsorption on jellium, the ideal free-electron metal. [Pg.246]

There are two basic approaches to the solution of a species distribution problem (1) The equilibrium constant approach, and (2) the Gibbs free energy approach. Most... [Pg.57]

Fig.6b plots the variation of the energy along a purely a-approach and along the mini-mum-energy approach a considerable barrier is found for the former. The qualitative predictions of orbital symmetry match exactly the outcome of EHT calculations. [Pg.9]

The conclusion from all this is that the variance and therefore the standard deviation attains infinite values when the reference energy is so low that it includes the value zero. However, in a probabilistic way it is still possible to perform computations in this regime and obtain at least some rough idea of how the various quantities involved will change as the reference energy approaches zero after all, real data is obtained with a finite number of readings, each of which is finite, and will give some finite answer what we can do for the rest of this current analysis is perform empirical computations to find out what the expectation for that behavior is we will do that in the next chapter. [Pg.258]

When the noise is small the multiplication factor approaches unity, as we would expect. As we have seen for the previous two types of noise we considered, the nonlinearity in the computation of transmittance causes the expected value of the computed transmittance to increase as the energy approaches zero, and then decrease again. For the type of noise we are currently considering, however, the situation is complicated by the truncation of the distribution, as we have discussed, so that when only the tail of the distribution is available (i.e., when the distribution is cut off at +3 standard deviations), the character changes from that seen when most of the distribution is used. [Pg.336]

The bond energy approach may not always be adequate because it is the free energy change, AG, that is related to equilibrium constants, and the free energy is given by... [Pg.132]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.54 ]




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Activation Energy Approach to Creep Rupture

Adhesion surface energy approach

Apparent activation energies and kinetic isotope effects using the reaction order approach

Approaches to improve heat transport and energy conversion efficiency

Approaches to resolve energy security versus non-proliferation dilemma

Binding free energy empirical approach

Bond Energy Approach

Cahn—Hilliard free energy approach

Coupling approaches solvation free energy

Dissociation energy fragment approach

ENERGI approach

Energy Approach to Fracture

Energy Components in the Supermolecular Approach

Energy balance approach

Energy derivatives in quasi-relativistic approaches

Energy footprints approaches

Energy hierarchical approach

Energy phenomenological approach

Excitation energy, ionization potential, and electron affinity (RHF approach)

Externally corrected energy correcting approaches

Fracture energy balance approach

Fracture mechanics energy balance approach

Free energy approach

Free energy approach, hydration forces

Free energy directed approach

Free energy variational approaches

General approaches to bond energy

Generalized energy approach

Gibbs free energy approach

Intermolecular interaction energy perturbation-theory approach

Intermolecular interaction energy supermolecular approach

Linear Interaction Energy Approaches

Linear free energy-related approach

Linear free-energy approaches

Linear solvation energy relationship approach

Minimum stored energy approach

Non-Linear Approach to the Energy Loss of Ions in Solids

Nonequilibrium approaches free energy calculations

One-Temperature Approach to Vibrational Kinetics and Energy Balance of CO2 Dissociation in Non-Equilibrium Plasma Major Equations

Potential energy surface perturbation approach

Potential energy surface variational approach

Quantum chemical approach to free energy

Quantum chemical approach to free energy calculation

Relativistic energy approach

Strain-energy function approach

Stress intensity factor approach energy

Surfaces 2 Gibbs Approach to Surface Energy

The Classical Approach Vibrational and Nonbonded (Force Field) Energies

The SEN Approach to Hydrogen Bond Energies

The Supramolecular Approach and Total Interaction Energies

Theoretical Approaches to the Energy Levels of Loosely Bound Systems

Traditional Approach Analytic Potential Energy Surfaces

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