Endothelial microparticles release

Jimenez JJ, Jy W, Mauro LM, Horstman LL, Soderland C, Ahn YS. Endothelial microparticles released in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura express von Willebrand factor and markers of endothelial activation. Br J Haematol 2003 123 896-902. 

Tramontane AF, O Leary J, Black AD, Muniyappa R, Cutaia MV, El-Sherif N. Statin decreases endothelial microparticle release from human coronary artery endothelial cells Implication for the Rho-kinase pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004 320 34-38. 

As novel assays become available, the overlap between the clinical and nonclinical biomarkers may further increase. For instance, DIVI and some vasculitides have been associated with changes in levels of circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs). EMPs are a type of small membrane vesicle (0.1-1 mm in diameter) that is released from cells in response to activation, injury, inflammation, and/or apoptosis and can serve as a means of intercellular communication (Rautou et al, 2011). The use of EMPs for biomarker qualification in drug development may gain broader acceptance with the advent of newer technologies such as... 

Simak J, Holada K, Vostal JG. Release of annexin V-binding membrane microparticles from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells after treatment with camptothecin. BM Cell Biol 2002 3 11. 

Simak J, Holada K, D Agnillo F, Janota J, Vostal JG. Cellular prion protein is expressed on endothelial cells and is released during apoptosis on membrane microparticles found in human plasma. Transfusion 2002 42 334-342. 

Mesri, M. andAltieri, D.C. (1999) Leukocyte microparticles stimulate endothelial cell cytokine release and tissue factor induction in a JNKl signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 23111-23118. 

Both platelets and vascular endothelium are known to synthesize PAF (Chignard et. al. 1980 Lorantet al. 1995). Endothelial cells form PAF upon challenge with thrombin and other agents. It has been suggested that PAF and platelets are involved in adhesion of neutrophils and platelets to endothelium. Platelets synthesize PAF and may release it associated with platelet microparticles (Iwamoto et. al., 1996). PAF mediates... 

Patel, Z. S., Ueda, H., Yamamoto, M., Tabata, Y, and Mikos, A. G. 2008a. In vitro and in vivo release of vascular endothelial growth factor from gelatin microparticles and biodegradable composite scaffolds. 

Alginate microparticles that deliver VEGF and MCP-1 with distinct release kinetics and that can be integrated into a collagen/fibronectin (protein) gel construct for delivery of endothelial cells have been proposed by Jay et al. (2010). Combined delivery of VEGF and MCP-1 increased functional vessel formation and also led to a higher number of smooth muscle cell-invested vessels. 

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