Endocrine system thyroid gland

All OCPs are polytropic, parenchymatous poisons, afflicting the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, the heart muscle, the stomach and intestines, and the endocrine system (mostly the adrenal glands, thyroid, and ovaries). Morphological changes in warm-blooded creatures poisoned by OCPs vary from insignificant disruptions in circulation and reversible dystrophy to focal necroses these effects depend on the organism, the dose of OCP, how long the OCP remains active, as well as on other factors [9, 39, 40, A47, A79]. 

Reports of the effects of Li+ upon the thyroid gland and its associated hormones are the most abundant of those concerned with the endocrine system. Li+ inhibits thyroid hormone release, leading to reduced levels of circulating hormone, in both psychiatric patients and healthy controls [178]. In consequence of this, a negative feedback mechanism increases the production of pituitary TSH. Li+ also causes an increase in hypothalamic thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), probably by inhibiting its re-... 

Endocrine Effects. Little is known about the effects of aluminum on endocrine systems. The oral administration of sodium aluminum phosphate to male and female Beagle dogs for 6 months did not alter thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary gland weight or microanatomy (Katz et al. 1984 Pettersen et al. 1990). These organs were also normal in male and female Wistar rats fed a diet containing unspecified amounts of aluminum phosphide/ammonium carbamate for 24 months (Hackenberg 1972). 

Myopathy is the term used broadly for affections of the skeletal musculature, in which the muscular symptoms in no way arise from disordered function of the central or peripheral nervous system. Within this definition are included, therefore, such widely differing conditions as the polymyositis syndrome, endocrine myopathies associated with thyroid gland disorders, and the muscular dystrophies. 

The endocrine system is comprised of a network of hormone-producing glands. These glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. The hormones produced are released in carefully... 

This chapter gives a general overview of the endocrine system. Some detail is given of the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the pancreas and disorders of them because health care professionals are likely to come across patients with such disorders. 

Iodine is an essential trace element in the endocrine system, necessary for the production of the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the thyroid gland. Mammals thus provide the termination step for the cychng of iodine in the biosphere. This biogeochemical cycle (Figure 8.1) involves processes of oceanic release, sea-air transfer, photochemical transformation, aerosol uptake, and deposition on the land where iodine is adsorbed onto the soil and vegetation (Fuge and Johnson, 1986). 

Pig. 5. Diagramatic repiesentation of calcium homeostatic mechanisms involving the vitamin D endocrine system located in the kidney. Note that the calcium sensing organs are the para-thryoid glands (hypocalcemia) and the C-cells of the thyroid (hypercalcemia). Note that the vitamin D hormone acts by itself on the intestine and together with parathyroid hormone in bone and kidney... 

Studies on the cancer risk assessment of toxaphene in rodents have shown that it increased incidence of neoplasms of endocrine organs, thyroid, pitnitary, adrenal and mammary glands and reproductive systems (Buranatrevedth 2004). 

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