Encapsulation and microencapsulation

Encapsulation and microencapsulation are often used interchangeably when discussing the process technology. Microencapsulation is encapsulation at the microscale, producing delivery devices ranging from 1 to 1000 rm in size, generally less than 200 pm. 

Encapsulation and Microencapsulation of Enzymes and Oil by Spray Drying 273 Enzynne 0—0 Trehalose Water 0-0 rAmorphous trehalose... 

In 2006, Poe et al. reported a cascade reaction employing two incompatible catalysts, one of which was microencapsulated [19]. In this case, an organic amine was encapsulated and used in conjunction with a nickel-based Lewis acid catalyst (Scheme 5.4). 

A majority of the fasteners used in automobiles in the U.S. are coaled with microcapsitles loaded with an adhesive. Other uses include encapsulated ammonium polyphosphate incorporated in plashes that acts as a hre-rctardant and microencapsulated oil-held chemicals for use hv the oil industry. 

Macroencapsulation is used for large objects such as concrete debris that is contaminated, or structural steel that has fixed contamination. The chemical stabilization and microencapsulation work together to immobilize chemical constituents, while the macroencapsulation is used to physically encapsulate large objects. For this reason, we will discuss chemical stabilization and microencapsulation together and address macroencapsulation in a separate section in this chapter. 

Supporting material for clinical analysis, cell immobilization Cell encapsulation and immobilization, immobilization of enzymes, controlled release, injectable microcapsules Microencapsulation, thermoreversible gelation Lubrication applications... 

Coatings and films Most paints and coatings degrade by a photoelectrochemical mechanism. Applications are summarized that include protective coatings for automobiles, encapsulants for microelectronic devices, electrocatalysts, and microencapsulation techniques for controlled release of electroactive components. 

These sections have presented the efforts of numerous researchers toward the realization of microencapsulated biocatalysis within LbL-assembled vessels. While many of the examples demonstrate proof-of-concept enzyme encapsulation and small molecule conversion, we note an increasing trend toward the application... 

Thies, C. Microencapsulation of flavors by complex coacervation. In Lakkis, J.M. (d) Encapsulation and Controlled Release Technologies in Eood Systems, Blackwell Publishing, Ames, lA, 2007, pp. 149-170. 

Although there are various materials available for encapsulation and so as technologies, the challenges do exist concerning the selection of appropriate microencapsulation technique and encapsulation material. The cost consideration of materials for food applications need to be taken into account unlike the pharmaceutical industry, which can tolerate high costs. The majority of materials used for microencapsulation in the food sector are bio-based materials such as carbohydrate polymers (polysaccharides), proteins, lipids, etc. 

The field of encapsulation, especially microencapsulation, is a rapidly growing area of research and product development. The Handbook of Encapsulation and Controlled Release covers the entire field, presenting the fundamental processes involved and exploring how to use those processes for different applications in industry. Written at a level comprehensible to non-experts, it is a rich source of technical information and current practices in research and industry. 

Bugarski, B., Jovanovic, G., and Vunjak, G., Bioreactor systems based on microencapsulated animal cell cultures, in Fundamentals of Animal Cell Encapsulation and Immobilization, Goosen, M.F.A., Ed., CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1993, pp. 267-296. 

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