Encapsulating proteins

A number of refinements and applications are in the literature. Corrections may be made for discreteness of charge [36] or the excluded volume of the hydrated ions [19, 37]. The effects of surface roughness on the electrical double layer have been treated by several groups [38-41] by means of perturbative expansions and numerical analysis. Several geometries have been treated, including two eccentric spheres such as found in encapsulated proteins or drugs [42], and biconcave disks with elastic membranes to model red blood cells [43]. The double-layer repulsion between two spheres has been a topic of much attention due to its importance in colloidal stability. A new numeri-... 

Eggers, D.K. and Valentine, J.S. (2001) Crowding and hydration effects on protein conformation a study with sol-gel encapsulated proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology, 314, 911-922. 

Rao M, et al. Visualization of peptides derived from liposome-encapsulated proteins in the trans-Golgi area of macrophages. Immunol Lett 1997 59 99. 

Because the size and surface net charge of liposomes can also influence the rate and extent of tissue distribution, these characteristics could be used for target-specific delivery of liposome-encapsulated proteins and drugs. These issues will be discussed later in the context of Site-specific delivery strategies. ... 

Ohsawa, T., Miura, H., and Harada, K. (1984). A novel method for preparing liposome with a high capacity to encapsulate proteinous drugs freeze-drying met6Mm. Parm. Bull., 32, 2442-2445. 

Wand, A. J., Ehrhardt, M. R. and Flynn, P. F. (1998). High-resolution NMR of encapsulated proteins dissolved in low-viscosity fluids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15299-15302. 

Table 2 Common inactivation sources of encapsulated proteins and the stabilization strategies...

Poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide-agarose microspheres can encapsulate protein and stabilize them for drug delivery. 

PEG coating improves the stability of PLA nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal fluids and helps the transport of encapsulated protein across the intestinal and nasal mucus membranes... 

PLGA is the most widely used polymer for encapsulating proteins for pulmonary delivery. The most commonly used method for preparing protein-encapsulated PLGA microspheres is the solvent evaporation technique based on the formation of a double emulsion (w/o/w). Incorporation of protein into the microspheres could be done by two methods [15, 16]. 

For much less viscous 30,000 MW PGLA solutions, a skin did not form in the vapor phase. The particles did not form until the large droplets dispersed on contact with the liquid CO2 phase, which was agitated to improve mixing. The resulting spherical particles ranged from 3 to 25 pm in diameter. It is shown later that these particles may be used to encapsulate proteins. 

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