Emulsion mixing

High-shear stirrers can be a useful way of mixing components, but they often draw in air and can destroy added emulsions. Mixing can also be done through an external circulating loop with an in-line pump or emulsifying mixer. All systems should ideally be connected to a clean-in-place (c.i.p.) system. 

The emulsion mixes readily with a liquid which is miscible with its dispersion medium. 

Typically, the bulk liquid oils are transferred from the storage facility to the emulsion mixing vessel at 55-60°C (131-140°F). Oil-soluble ingredients, such as emulsifier, color, and flavor, are added in a separate vessel to minimize their storage time at elevated temperatures. Emulsifiers are used to lower the surface tension between the water and oil phases, thereby stabilizing the liquid emulsion before... 

The incorporation of sulfur in asphalt emulsions also shows great potential. Although further improvements in the insulating value of asphalt might be expected by adding sulfur, such binders have other advantages over normal asphalt. In 1972 Pronk (9) produced sulfur asphalt emulsion mixes in the laboratory. More recently, Societe Nationale des Petroles d Aquitaine (SNPA) (10) reported the results of an extensive laboratory and field study using sulfur in an asphalt emulsion. Both Pronk and SNPA have shown that temperature-viscosity relationships are improved, as are Marshall stability and flow values. 

Figure 1 (a) Emulsion mixed with a simple rotor paddle the im-even distribution of mechanical energy on the liquids has caused a broad DSD. (b) Ultrasonically prepared emulsion the dispersed volume is to a high degree present as very small droplets in a narrowly distributed fraction of the population. 

Synthetic butadiene methylstyrene rubber of various grades. Butadiene-ct-methylstyrene rubbers ( hot and cold free radical copolymerisation of butadiene with a-methylstyrene), at the stages of emulsion formation, emulsion mixing with an initiator, and introducing a terminator to the reaction mixture. 

During cooling and heating, various physical and chemical phenomena have been observed. They may concern either the disperse, continuous, or interfacial phases. The aim of this chapter is to give a tentative description of some of these events and make a correlation with the resulting properties of the emulsions themselves. Simple water-in-oil (W/0) or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, mixed emulsions, and multiple emulsions that can be found during the fabrication pro-... 

Moisture-reactivated coatings are produced from dextrin glues, dextrin emulsions, mixed glues, and remoistenable hot-melt adhesives. 

According to W/O emulsion work by Lucassen-Reynders [34] droplet coverage is achieved only if the number of particles is much higher than the number of droplets. In her study, the number of tristearate crystals was 1000 times the number of droplets, indicating that half of the fat crystals flocculated in 1 s compared with 1000 s for the water droplets. Hence, the fat crystals were able to cover the droplets and form a network before any real droplet coalescence could occur, thereby stabilizing the emulsion. The network formation, however, also hindered the free diffusion of crystals to the interface. Without the presence of surfactants in the initial emulsion mix, no stabilization was observed. With added surfactant, however, crystal flocculation was reduced as the interparticle bond energy was lowered. Results showed that partial flocculation was best for W/O emulsion stabilization by tristearin. Lagaly et al. [114] also observed that surfactants aided the colloidal stabilization of emulsions. 

Kodak NTB-2 autoradiographic emulsion diluted 1 1 with H O and stored in 10-ml aliquots in a light-tight box. When diluting emulsion, mix gently to avoid making bubbles. 

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